An Overview on Costs of Shifting to Sustainable ...
109
Parking pricing and management refers to the setting of the appropriate price to
achieve an efficient transport network, manage the supply of spaces in order to maximize the effectiveness of the space used and define requirements for parking [33].
In order for parking and management to be considered sustainable, it is necessary
to comply with principles such as, setting limits for new locations chosen based on
the needs of the city, creating parking lanes on local and collectors roads, and introducing paid parking areas within the urban center itself [52]. As costs for building
parking lots in urban areas, Litman [54] identified a variation in construction costs
between US$3,000 and US$35,000, estimated total annual cost between US$805
and US$3,903, operating cost US$350 to US$1,200 per year according to the types
of facilities classified in suburban, urban and central business district.
Commuter travel reduction policies also aim to reduce the number of trips made
by vehicles, especially private ones, offering employees incentives and options for
traveling in different modes [33]. One way to reduce the number of trips is to adopt
practices such as teleworking, which provides social, environmental and economic
benefits, since the ability to work efficiently from a position outside the traditional
workspace, using technological tools and communication, such as those provided by
the state or private initiative, reduces the need to travel, especially in urban areas,
generating less traffic flow [8]. However, it is important stimulate a behavior change,
that is increasing and being experienced during the recently pandemic due COVID19.
Regarding motor vehicle access and use is important to discourage ownership
and its use, mainly through individual use; increase the likelihood of families with
zero-emission cars; and reduce congestion [33]. But recent study as presented by
Sperling [80] presents that in the next decades the car sharing or other services will
scale-up being focused on electric vehicles.
According to Boschetti et al. [7], car sharing either through carpooling proves to
be a very effective and sustainable transport solution in urban areas, as it is intended
for people who have only the occasional need to use of a car and who do not wish
to own one, which encourages walking, cycling and use of public transportation.
Carpooling corresponds to the sharing of travel by car, an end of which a person
traveled more in a car, so that travel costs, fuel costs and tolls, but most importantly,
the social and environmental point of view of pollution from the air [57].
Carsharing is a system used by many users. In this case, vehicles are delivered to
users through fleet operators, who charge fees according to the toll systems accessible to the public to use them [78]. According to Smolnicki and Sołtys [78] the
literature on carsharing is extensive and discusses some co-benefits as impact on
vehicle ownership, predicted travel emissions and economic benefits, including also
driverless carsharing model. The costs of inhibition of motor vehicle use strategies
are shown in Table 4.
109
Parking pricing and management refers to the setting of the appropriate price to
achieve an efficient transport network, manage the supply of spaces in order to maximize the effectiveness of the space used and define requirements for parking [33].
In order for parking and management to be considered sustainable, it is necessary
to comply with principles such as, setting limits for new locations chosen based on
the needs of the city, creating parking lanes on local and collectors roads, and introducing paid parking areas within the urban center itself [52]. As costs for building
parking lots in urban areas, Litman [54] identified a variation in construction costs
between US$3,000 and US$35,000, estimated total annual cost between US$805
and US$3,903, operating cost US$350 to US$1,200 per year according to the types
of facilities classified in suburban, urban and central business district.
Commuter travel reduction policies also aim to reduce the number of trips made
by vehicles, especially private ones, offering employees incentives and options for
traveling in different modes [33]. One way to reduce the number of trips is to adopt
practices such as teleworking, which provides social, environmental and economic
benefits, since the ability to work efficiently from a position outside the traditional
workspace, using technological tools and communication, such as those provided by
the state or private initiative, reduces the need to travel, especially in urban areas,
generating less traffic flow [8]. However, it is important stimulate a behavior change,
that is increasing and being experienced during the recently pandemic due COVID19.
Regarding motor vehicle access and use is important to discourage ownership
and its use, mainly through individual use; increase the likelihood of families with
zero-emission cars; and reduce congestion [33]. But recent study as presented by
Sperling [80] presents that in the next decades the car sharing or other services will
scale-up being focused on electric vehicles.
According to Boschetti et al. [7], car sharing either through carpooling proves to
be a very effective and sustainable transport solution in urban areas, as it is intended
for people who have only the occasional need to use of a car and who do not wish
to own one, which encourages walking, cycling and use of public transportation.
Carpooling corresponds to the sharing of travel by car, an end of which a person
traveled more in a car, so that travel costs, fuel costs and tolls, but most importantly,
the social and environmental point of view of pollution from the air [57].
Carsharing is a system used by many users. In this case, vehicles are delivered to
users through fleet operators, who charge fees according to the toll systems accessible to the public to use them [78]. According to Smolnicki and Sołtys [78] the
literature on carsharing is extensive and discusses some co-benefits as impact on
vehicle ownership, predicted travel emissions and economic benefits, including also
driverless carsharing model. The costs of inhibition of motor vehicle use strategies
are shown in Table 4.