102
A. S. Santos et al.
The need to provide clean, decarbonized and efficient transportation is the key
to solving many challenges that cities are facing, due to their high connection with
developments in urban energy systems. For this, it is necessary to avoid, through
urban planning policies, that the need to use cars is reduced [102].
In order to be able to face the challenges and promote road sustainable transport, it is necessary to comply with certain principles, such as: (i) planning dense
cities in such a way that transportation serves only to support the population and
not a main actor; (ii) develop traffic-oriented cities to ensure urban connectivity and
enhance land use; (iii) optimize the network and use of highways, ensuring that traffic
rules are adopted and applied; (iv) encourage walking and cycling (active transportation); (v) implementing improvements in traffic; (vi) control the use of the vehicle;
(vii) manage parking lots; (viii) promoting the use of clean vehicles; (ix) promoting
communication solutions; and (x) addressing the challenges comprehensively [71].
Therefore, to guarantee sustainable urban transport and meet the needs of projects
at various levels, including urban environments, it is important to determine the right
action plans and political interventions through criteria that promote ASI approach
indicated by actors such as Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
In order to meet the principles for making urban transport sustainable from an
ASI approach, mitigation actions for urban road transportation are based on the study
of IDB [33]. Therefore, mitigation actions categories are divided into: (i) Public
transportation improvements, (ii) Incentive to active transportation; (iii) Inhibition
of motor vehicle use; (iv) Land use strategies and Road infrastructure improvements;
(v) System operations and management; and (vi) Vehicle energy efficiency and fuel
switching, and described in Table 1.
According to the mitigation actions presented in Table 1, Sect. 5 seeks to describe
them, as well as to provide an overview of the cost of shifting to road sustainable
transport obtained through a literature review.
5 An Overview on Cost of Shifting to Road Sustainable
Transport
In the last decades is increasing consensus that the growth in motorized land vehicle
is causing serious environment impacts including the contribution to anthropogenic
climate change. As presented in Section 1, the transport-related carbon emissions are
rising and the transport sector has a crucial role to promote sustainability worldwide.
There is also a concern that energy intensity of land transport correlates with its
adverse health effects as urban air pollution, physical inactivity, road-traffic injuries
and environmental degradation. Today, the world faces a big challenge: how to shift
the conventional transport modes to a more sustainable? According this necessity,
it is important to consider some aspects as governance, planning with short to long
term measures, and an evaluation on costs to help decision makers for prioritizing
sustainable adoptions.
A. S. Santos et al.
The need to provide clean, decarbonized and efficient transportation is the key
to solving many challenges that cities are facing, due to their high connection with
developments in urban energy systems. For this, it is necessary to avoid, through
urban planning policies, that the need to use cars is reduced [102].
In order to be able to face the challenges and promote road sustainable transport, it is necessary to comply with certain principles, such as: (i) planning dense
cities in such a way that transportation serves only to support the population and
not a main actor; (ii) develop traffic-oriented cities to ensure urban connectivity and
enhance land use; (iii) optimize the network and use of highways, ensuring that traffic
rules are adopted and applied; (iv) encourage walking and cycling (active transportation); (v) implementing improvements in traffic; (vi) control the use of the vehicle;
(vii) manage parking lots; (viii) promoting the use of clean vehicles; (ix) promoting
communication solutions; and (x) addressing the challenges comprehensively [71].
Therefore, to guarantee sustainable urban transport and meet the needs of projects
at various levels, including urban environments, it is important to determine the right
action plans and political interventions through criteria that promote ASI approach
indicated by actors such as Inter-American Development Bank (IDB).
In order to meet the principles for making urban transport sustainable from an
ASI approach, mitigation actions for urban road transportation are based on the study
of IDB [33]. Therefore, mitigation actions categories are divided into: (i) Public
transportation improvements, (ii) Incentive to active transportation; (iii) Inhibition
of motor vehicle use; (iv) Land use strategies and Road infrastructure improvements;
(v) System operations and management; and (vi) Vehicle energy efficiency and fuel
switching, and described in Table 1.
According to the mitigation actions presented in Table 1, Sect. 5 seeks to describe
them, as well as to provide an overview of the cost of shifting to road sustainable
transport obtained through a literature review.
5 An Overview on Cost of Shifting to Road Sustainable
Transport
In the last decades is increasing consensus that the growth in motorized land vehicle
is causing serious environment impacts including the contribution to anthropogenic
climate change. As presented in Section 1, the transport-related carbon emissions are
rising and the transport sector has a crucial role to promote sustainability worldwide.
There is also a concern that energy intensity of land transport correlates with its
adverse health effects as urban air pollution, physical inactivity, road-traffic injuries
and environmental degradation. Today, the world faces a big challenge: how to shift
the conventional transport modes to a more sustainable? According this necessity,
it is important to consider some aspects as governance, planning with short to long
term measures, and an evaluation on costs to help decision makers for prioritizing
sustainable adoptions.