92
E. N. Udemba
5% significant level were established between ecological footprint and the explanatory variables. Environmental Kuznets curve was confirmed for China. Findings
from granger causality confirmed nexus among the selected variables through both
unidirectional and bidirectional transmission.
The policy framing should focus on encouraging economic growth through clean
production as EKC is confirmed for China. China should consider adopting more
renewable energy such as wind, solar, and other renewable energies. The beacon
of environmental Kuznets curve emphasized the positive implication of continuous
economic growth on environment. Considering the continuous growth of China’s
economy, the environment performance of China will be impacted positively. Again,
transition to a more conservative energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower
will effectively correct the environment degradation of China. It is evident that population is among the determinant of the ecological footprint and the economic growth
of China, therefore, policy framing should consider standardizing of the population
of the country to avoid overshooting of ecological footprint.
Conclusively, this study and the policies recommended are significant to the
emerging countries that have similar features with China.
Funding Author wishes to inform the Editor/Journal that no form of funding was received for this
research.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Author wishes to inform the Editor/Journal that there are no conflicts of interest at any level of this
study.
References
1. Ahmed K, Long W (2012) Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis.
Proc Econ Finance 1:4–13
2. Al-Mulali U, Weng-Wai C, Sheau-Ting L, Mohammed AH (2015) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of
environmental degradation. Ecol Ind 48:315–323
3. Aremo AG, Ojeyinka TA (2018) Foreign direct investment, energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Nigeria (1970-2014): an aggregate empirical analysis. Int J
Green Econ 12(3–4):209–227
4. Bagliani M, Galli A, Niccolucci V, Marchettini N (2008) Ecological footprint analysis applied to
a sub-national area: the case of the Province of Siena (Italy). J Environ Manage 86(2):354–364
5. Denolle MA, Fan W, Shearer PM (2015) Dynamics of the 2015 M7. 8 Nepal earthquake.
Geophys Res Lett 42(18):7467–7475
6. Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with
a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74(366a):427–431
7. Engle RF, Granger CW (1987) Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation,
and testing. Econometrica: J Econometric Soc 251–276
8. Gatti RC, Callaghan TV, Rozhkova-Timina I, Dudko A, Lim A, Vorobyev SN, Pokrovsky
OS (2018) The role of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in the storage, emission and deposition
of carbon in lakes and rivers of the River Ob flood plain, western Siberia. Sci Total Environ
644:1371–1379
E. N. Udemba
5% significant level were established between ecological footprint and the explanatory variables. Environmental Kuznets curve was confirmed for China. Findings
from granger causality confirmed nexus among the selected variables through both
unidirectional and bidirectional transmission.
The policy framing should focus on encouraging economic growth through clean
production as EKC is confirmed for China. China should consider adopting more
renewable energy such as wind, solar, and other renewable energies. The beacon
of environmental Kuznets curve emphasized the positive implication of continuous
economic growth on environment. Considering the continuous growth of China’s
economy, the environment performance of China will be impacted positively. Again,
transition to a more conservative energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydropower
will effectively correct the environment degradation of China. It is evident that population is among the determinant of the ecological footprint and the economic growth
of China, therefore, policy framing should consider standardizing of the population
of the country to avoid overshooting of ecological footprint.
Conclusively, this study and the policies recommended are significant to the
emerging countries that have similar features with China.
Funding Author wishes to inform the Editor/Journal that no form of funding was received for this
research.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Author wishes to inform the Editor/Journal that there are no conflicts of interest at any level of this
study.
References
1. Ahmed K, Long W (2012) Environmental Kuznets curve and Pakistan: an empirical analysis.
Proc Econ Finance 1:4–13
2. Al-Mulali U, Weng-Wai C, Sheau-Ting L, Mohammed AH (2015) Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of
environmental degradation. Ecol Ind 48:315–323
3. Aremo AG, Ojeyinka TA (2018) Foreign direct investment, energy consumption, carbon emissions and economic growth in Nigeria (1970-2014): an aggregate empirical analysis. Int J
Green Econ 12(3–4):209–227
4. Bagliani M, Galli A, Niccolucci V, Marchettini N (2008) Ecological footprint analysis applied to
a sub-national area: the case of the Province of Siena (Italy). J Environ Manage 86(2):354–364
5. Denolle MA, Fan W, Shearer PM (2015) Dynamics of the 2015 M7. 8 Nepal earthquake.
Geophys Res Lett 42(18):7467–7475
6. Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with
a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74(366a):427–431
7. Engle RF, Granger CW (1987) Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation,
and testing. Econometrica: J Econometric Soc 251–276
8. Gatti RC, Callaghan TV, Rozhkova-Timina I, Dudko A, Lim A, Vorobyev SN, Pokrovsky
OS (2018) The role of Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) in the storage, emission and deposition
of carbon in lakes and rivers of the River Ob flood plain, western Siberia. Sci Total Environ
644:1371–1379