13 Reigning Technologies and Their Challenges for Antibiotics …
307
Rate of above reaction (13.7) is fast and it helps to minimize the oxidation capacity
of the matrix, as it required low DOC and alkalinity, and improves the efficiency of
the treatment process.
AOTPs are very effective and efficient when the variability in inflow and composition of WW is high. In normal circumstances, these processes may be uneconomical
because the cost of treatment units, maintenance, and energy requirement is high.
There is limitation related to the mass transformation in the oxidation process with
O 3 , and hence, it is also one of the major disadvantages. This process works on the
principle of phase transformation and requires to transform ozone molecules from
the gaseous phase to the liquid phase so that it will attack on unwanted constituents in
the WW. In most of the studies, it is reported that consumption of ozone is very high
but the transformation of mass is limiting and reduces the efficiency of the process
and increases the cost. Performance of this process is very sensitive toward some
factors like the concentration of solids, the presence of microorganism/pathogens,
CO 3 (Carbonate), HCO 3 (bicarbonate), HRT, ozone dose (Iakovides et al. 2019), pH,
and temperature (Von Gunten 2003a, b).
Iakovides et al. 2019 work on the removal of mixtures of antibiotics (Ampicillin,
azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim) using ozonation and suggested that the optimization in the
treatment is necessary because excess ozone creates problems for the living organism
in treated effluents. The ozonation is highly dependent on the ozone dose and HRT.
They have used qualitative parameter like COD, BOD, TSS and considering the initial concentration of antibiotics is 100 μg per liters and pH range of 7.2 and 7.8, HRT
varies from 10 to 60 min, and ozone dose varies from 0.125 to 0.75 gO 3 gDOC
−1 ,
respectively. Increase with ozone dose and HRT in between 10 and 20 minute leads
to the increase in rate of removal of all the parental antibiotics. The optimum HRT is
40 min, where the maximum removal at a minimum dose of ozone could be possible at microgram per liters concentration level. Increase in oxidant level leads to an
increase in the rate of degradation of contamination. Sometimes it is also possible
that using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with ozone for the decontamination
of WW from the veterinary antibiotics has good removal efficiency (tetracyclines,
macrolide, and sulfonamides) (Ben et al. 2012).
Ozone with H 2 O 2 has better efficiency of antibiotics removal rather than ozone
alone (Balcıo˘ glu and Ötker 2003). Antibiotics removal efficiency is about 98–100%
at an ozone dose of 1.38 mg/L in pure water but at a dose of 37.3 mg/L, efficiency is
dropped at 85–100% in the SBR treated effluents. The concentration of COD, DOM,
and SS has a strong influence on the removal efficiency of antibiotics. To detect the
concentration of the antibiotic in the milk, an instrument called high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used. Ozonation with properly optimized parameter is a promising technology for the removal of antibiotics contamination (Iakovides
et al. 2019). Nowadays, the ozonation couple with some classical or advanced treatment processes is attracting researcher. The integration of ozonation with biological
activated carbon filtration (Li et al. 2018) and combined sponge membrane bioreactor with ozonation to remove the different antibiotics contamination from water have
better efficiency than conventional processes (Tim Kim et al. 2019).
307
Rate of above reaction (13.7) is fast and it helps to minimize the oxidation capacity
of the matrix, as it required low DOC and alkalinity, and improves the efficiency of
the treatment process.
AOTPs are very effective and efficient when the variability in inflow and composition of WW is high. In normal circumstances, these processes may be uneconomical
because the cost of treatment units, maintenance, and energy requirement is high.
There is limitation related to the mass transformation in the oxidation process with
O 3 , and hence, it is also one of the major disadvantages. This process works on the
principle of phase transformation and requires to transform ozone molecules from
the gaseous phase to the liquid phase so that it will attack on unwanted constituents in
the WW. In most of the studies, it is reported that consumption of ozone is very high
but the transformation of mass is limiting and reduces the efficiency of the process
and increases the cost. Performance of this process is very sensitive toward some
factors like the concentration of solids, the presence of microorganism/pathogens,
CO 3 (Carbonate), HCO 3 (bicarbonate), HRT, ozone dose (Iakovides et al. 2019), pH,
and temperature (Von Gunten 2003a, b).
Iakovides et al. 2019 work on the removal of mixtures of antibiotics (Ampicillin,
azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, ofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and trimethoprim) using ozonation and suggested that the optimization in the
treatment is necessary because excess ozone creates problems for the living organism
in treated effluents. The ozonation is highly dependent on the ozone dose and HRT.
They have used qualitative parameter like COD, BOD, TSS and considering the initial concentration of antibiotics is 100 μg per liters and pH range of 7.2 and 7.8, HRT
varies from 10 to 60 min, and ozone dose varies from 0.125 to 0.75 gO 3 gDOC
−1 ,
respectively. Increase with ozone dose and HRT in between 10 and 20 minute leads
to the increase in rate of removal of all the parental antibiotics. The optimum HRT is
40 min, where the maximum removal at a minimum dose of ozone could be possible at microgram per liters concentration level. Increase in oxidant level leads to an
increase in the rate of degradation of contamination. Sometimes it is also possible
that using a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with ozone for the decontamination
of WW from the veterinary antibiotics has good removal efficiency (tetracyclines,
macrolide, and sulfonamides) (Ben et al. 2012).
Ozone with H 2 O 2 has better efficiency of antibiotics removal rather than ozone
alone (Balcıo˘ glu and Ötker 2003). Antibiotics removal efficiency is about 98–100%
at an ozone dose of 1.38 mg/L in pure water but at a dose of 37.3 mg/L, efficiency is
dropped at 85–100% in the SBR treated effluents. The concentration of COD, DOM,
and SS has a strong influence on the removal efficiency of antibiotics. To detect the
concentration of the antibiotic in the milk, an instrument called high-performance
liquid chromatography (HPLC) is used. Ozonation with properly optimized parameter is a promising technology for the removal of antibiotics contamination (Iakovides
et al. 2019). Nowadays, the ozonation couple with some classical or advanced treatment processes is attracting researcher. The integration of ozonation with biological
activated carbon filtration (Li et al. 2018) and combined sponge membrane bioreactor with ozonation to remove the different antibiotics contamination from water have
better efficiency than conventional processes (Tim Kim et al. 2019).