1 Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Artificial …
11
Li et al. (2015) provided a national-scale overview of the occurrence of 11 pharmaceuticals and 5 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in groundwater (5–70
mbgl) in 12 representative cities in northern China and found that pharmaceuticals
(ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, nalidixic acid, and sulpiride) were found in groundwater in only 4 cities out of 12 (Li et al. 2015). In those cities, the groundwater
was predominantly recharged by reclaimed water (treated wastewater). The general
level of the pharmaceuticals was low (maximum: 60.1 ng/L for sulpiride) compared
to other Asian studies, probably reflecting high dilution and/or attenuation in the
groundwater.
Groundwater was analyzed at the regional scale for more than 1300 organic
pollutants, including 79 PPCPs, in the rural areas of Dalian (Li et al. 2016), as
well as Beijing and Tianjin (Kong et al. 2016). Four pharmaceuticals (nicotine,
cotinine, sulfamethoxazole, and antipyrine) and a personal care product (PCP;
L-menthol) were found at Dalian, and three pharmaceuticals (metformin, oleandomycin, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol) and four PCPs (acetophenone,
2-phenoxy-ethanol, L-menthol, and squalane) were detected in Beijing and Tianjin. The number of detected PPCPs was small compared to the number of analyzed
PPCPs, partly because the limit of detection was marginally high (e.g., 20 ng/L for
sulfamethoxazole; Li et al. 2016).
At the watershed scale, Gan et al. (2013) examined seven ASs (acesulfame, aspartame, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), neotame, saccharin, and
sucralose) in the water environment of Tianjin, including five groundwaters. Four ASs
(acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose) were detected in the groundwater,
with cyclamate the most abundant species (up to 99 ng/L), followed by saccharin (up
to 63 ng/L) and acesulfame (up to 22 ng/L). The sources of the ASs in the groundwater were considered to be irrigation by wastewater, sludge application, animal feces,
etc.
Yang et al. (2018) investigated the occurrence of 78 CECs in the surface water and
groundwater in the Dongjiang River Basin in southern China. In the groundwater, 18
pharmaceuticals, six PCPs, four ASs, and five other organic chemicals were found. In
terms of ASs, acesulfame, cyclamate, and sucralose were found in all the groundwater
locations, with a maximum concentration of 4580 ng/L for acesulfame. Regarding
PPCPs, methylparaben, salicylic acid, and diethyltoluamide (DEET) showed the
highest detection frequency (72.7%). In contrast, compounds commonly detected in
groundwater in other studies, such as caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine,
showed low detection frequencies (27.3%, 18.2%, and 9.1%, respectively), similar
to those in Li et al. (2015).
The occurrence of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in river water and groundwater
was studied in Shanghai, to investigate the effect of three psychiatric hospitals from
which the treated effluents were discharged into the nearby rivers (Xiang et al. 2018).
In the groundwater, nine pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, mianserin, amitriptyline, diazepam, oxazepam, estazolam, temazepam, fluoxetine, and lorazepam) were
detected, with the maximum concentration being 46.83 ng/L for lorazepam.
In Changzhou, in the Yangtze River Delta, Jiang et al. (2019) found 29 out of 42
pharmaceuticals, and a PCP (DEET), in rural groundwater from private wells. The
11
Li et al. (2015) provided a national-scale overview of the occurrence of 11 pharmaceuticals and 5 endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in groundwater (5–70
mbgl) in 12 representative cities in northern China and found that pharmaceuticals
(ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, nalidixic acid, and sulpiride) were found in groundwater in only 4 cities out of 12 (Li et al. 2015). In those cities, the groundwater
was predominantly recharged by reclaimed water (treated wastewater). The general
level of the pharmaceuticals was low (maximum: 60.1 ng/L for sulpiride) compared
to other Asian studies, probably reflecting high dilution and/or attenuation in the
groundwater.
Groundwater was analyzed at the regional scale for more than 1300 organic
pollutants, including 79 PPCPs, in the rural areas of Dalian (Li et al. 2016), as
well as Beijing and Tianjin (Kong et al. 2016). Four pharmaceuticals (nicotine,
cotinine, sulfamethoxazole, and antipyrine) and a personal care product (PCP;
L-menthol) were found at Dalian, and three pharmaceuticals (metformin, oleandomycin, and 1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol) and four PCPs (acetophenone,
2-phenoxy-ethanol, L-menthol, and squalane) were detected in Beijing and Tianjin. The number of detected PPCPs was small compared to the number of analyzed
PPCPs, partly because the limit of detection was marginally high (e.g., 20 ng/L for
sulfamethoxazole; Li et al. 2016).
At the watershed scale, Gan et al. (2013) examined seven ASs (acesulfame, aspartame, cyclamate, neohesperidin dihydrochalcone (NHDC), neotame, saccharin, and
sucralose) in the water environment of Tianjin, including five groundwaters. Four ASs
(acesulfame, cyclamate, saccharin, and sucralose) were detected in the groundwater,
with cyclamate the most abundant species (up to 99 ng/L), followed by saccharin (up
to 63 ng/L) and acesulfame (up to 22 ng/L). The sources of the ASs in the groundwater were considered to be irrigation by wastewater, sludge application, animal feces,
etc.
Yang et al. (2018) investigated the occurrence of 78 CECs in the surface water and
groundwater in the Dongjiang River Basin in southern China. In the groundwater, 18
pharmaceuticals, six PCPs, four ASs, and five other organic chemicals were found. In
terms of ASs, acesulfame, cyclamate, and sucralose were found in all the groundwater
locations, with a maximum concentration of 4580 ng/L for acesulfame. Regarding
PPCPs, methylparaben, salicylic acid, and diethyltoluamide (DEET) showed the
highest detection frequency (72.7%). In contrast, compounds commonly detected in
groundwater in other studies, such as caffeine, sulfamethoxazole, and carbamazepine,
showed low detection frequencies (27.3%, 18.2%, and 9.1%, respectively), similar
to those in Li et al. (2015).
The occurrence of psychiatric pharmaceuticals in river water and groundwater
was studied in Shanghai, to investigate the effect of three psychiatric hospitals from
which the treated effluents were discharged into the nearby rivers (Xiang et al. 2018).
In the groundwater, nine pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, mianserin, amitriptyline, diazepam, oxazepam, estazolam, temazepam, fluoxetine, and lorazepam) were
detected, with the maximum concentration being 46.83 ng/L for lorazepam.
In Changzhou, in the Yangtze River Delta, Jiang et al. (2019) found 29 out of 42
pharmaceuticals, and a PCP (DEET), in rural groundwater from private wells. The