10
K. Kuroda and J. Kobayashi
Table 1.1
(continued)
Country
Location
Number of
site/sample
Depth a
(mbgl)
Compounds
analyzed
Compounds
detected
LOD b
/LOQ c
(ng/L)
Maximum conc.
(ng/L)
References
Singapore
An urban
catchment
11/138
4.7–11
6 ASs
3 ASs (acesulfame,
cyclamate,
saccharin)
3–30 (LOQ)
Cyclamate (790)
Tran et al.
(2014a)
An urban
catchment
11/148
4.7–11
1 antibiotic, 14 other
pharmaceuticals, 1
PCP, 1 X-ray
contrast medium
1 antibiotic, 14
other
pharmaceuticals, 1
PCP, 1 X-ray
contrast medium
0.3–6.0
(LOQ)
Caffeine (16,249)
Tran et al.
(2014b)
Vietnam
Hanoi
10/10
8–50
22 antibiotics, 36
other
pharmaceuticals, 2
PCPs
1 antibiotic
(lincomycin), 2
others (caffeine and
carbamazepine)
0.03–6.38
(LOQ)
Caffeine (78)
Kuroda
et al. (2015)
Hanoi and
Ho Chi
Minh City
26/44
n.a.
14 pharmaceuticals,
4 PCPs as well as
922 organic
chemicals
1 pharmaceutical
(caffeine), 3 PCPs
10 (LOD)
Caffeine (2700)
Duong et al.
(2015)
Hanoi and
Halong
12/12
n.a.
5 ASs, 5 X-ray
contrast media
4 ASs (acesulfame,
cyclamate,
saccharin,
sucralose)
0.015–23
(LOD),
0.039–57
(LOQ)
Acesulfame (130)
Watanabe
et al. (2016)
a
Depth of wells. Mbgl: meters below the ground level
b
LOD
limit of detection. The numbers include method detection limit (MDL) and instrumental detection limit (IDL)
c
LOQ
limit of quantification. The numbers include method quantification limit (MQL) and instrumental quantification limit (IQL)
d
n.a.
not available