298
C. Bhagat et al.
explanation is given in the following subsections. Table 13.1 shows the different removal techniques for different antibiotics contamination and corresponding
removal efficiency.
13.4.1 Ex Situ Removal Techniques
A process in which contaminants are transported to the treatment plant to treat is
known as Ex situ treatment processes. The overview of Ex situ treatment processes
is as follows.
13.4.1.1 Conventional Treatment Processes
The application of filtration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological
(activated sludge process, trickling filters) are often found in conventional treatment plants (Dong et al. 2016; Mutiyar and Mittal 2013). Filtration is the process
in which sediments and suspended particles are removed by allowing the effluent
passes through a granular bed layer which is made of non-cohesive earth material (fine/coarse sand), charcoal, and granular AC (activated carbon). Some of the
particles can be retained in the granular bed due to the interstitial strain, but finer
molecules must be brought to the surface where mechanism like electrostatic attraction, adsorption/absorption, ion exchange, etc., so that they retained on the surface
of media.
In clariflocculator (coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation) treatment unit, coagulation is employed to increase the rate of settlement, precipitation, and agglomeration of colloids using chemicals reagents and subsequent settle down into the
sedimentation tank. The commonly used coagulants are aluminum sulfate (alum),
copper sulfate, ferric chloride, and sometimes polymers. The disadvantage of this
technique is it requires subsequent treatment to remove the product of coagulation
from the effluents. Biotic treatment like ASP is extensively used especially in factory liquid waste treatments. The biotic/biological process includes the degradation
of the organic compound in the ASP tank, by using aerobic or anaerobic microorganism and by monitoring temperature and oxygen demand (COD) regularly. The
immense initial concentration or high toxic compounds affect the efficiency biological treatment (ASP) because they are recalcitrant and toxic to the microorganism
which is available in the tank (Britto et al. 2008). However, ASP can handle high
hydraulic loading rates efficiently (Eckenfelder 2000), but not capable to handle a
high concentration of antibiotics (Leung et al. 2012).
All over the world in the last couple of decades, various traditional wastewater treatment processes are tested for antibiotics removal from aqueous matrices.
Wastewater/effluent having low initial concentration, as well as low toxic substances
than these methods, work efficiently and effectively, because they are less harmful
to the microorganism in the biological system. The WWTPs are located in Delhi
C. Bhagat et al.
explanation is given in the following subsections. Table 13.1 shows the different removal techniques for different antibiotics contamination and corresponding
removal efficiency.
13.4.1 Ex Situ Removal Techniques
A process in which contaminants are transported to the treatment plant to treat is
known as Ex situ treatment processes. The overview of Ex situ treatment processes
is as follows.
13.4.1.1 Conventional Treatment Processes
The application of filtration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and biological
(activated sludge process, trickling filters) are often found in conventional treatment plants (Dong et al. 2016; Mutiyar and Mittal 2013). Filtration is the process
in which sediments and suspended particles are removed by allowing the effluent
passes through a granular bed layer which is made of non-cohesive earth material (fine/coarse sand), charcoal, and granular AC (activated carbon). Some of the
particles can be retained in the granular bed due to the interstitial strain, but finer
molecules must be brought to the surface where mechanism like electrostatic attraction, adsorption/absorption, ion exchange, etc., so that they retained on the surface
of media.
In clariflocculator (coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation) treatment unit, coagulation is employed to increase the rate of settlement, precipitation, and agglomeration of colloids using chemicals reagents and subsequent settle down into the
sedimentation tank. The commonly used coagulants are aluminum sulfate (alum),
copper sulfate, ferric chloride, and sometimes polymers. The disadvantage of this
technique is it requires subsequent treatment to remove the product of coagulation
from the effluents. Biotic treatment like ASP is extensively used especially in factory liquid waste treatments. The biotic/biological process includes the degradation
of the organic compound in the ASP tank, by using aerobic or anaerobic microorganism and by monitoring temperature and oxygen demand (COD) regularly. The
immense initial concentration or high toxic compounds affect the efficiency biological treatment (ASP) because they are recalcitrant and toxic to the microorganism
which is available in the tank (Britto et al. 2008). However, ASP can handle high
hydraulic loading rates efficiently (Eckenfelder 2000), but not capable to handle a
high concentration of antibiotics (Leung et al. 2012).
All over the world in the last couple of decades, various traditional wastewater treatment processes are tested for antibiotics removal from aqueous matrices.
Wastewater/effluent having low initial concentration, as well as low toxic substances
than these methods, work efficiently and effectively, because they are less harmful
to the microorganism in the biological system. The WWTPs are located in Delhi