13 Reigning Technologies and Their Challenges for Antibiotics …
297
Antibiotics
Production
Consumers
Veterinary antibiotics
Human
antibiotics
Waste
(water, solid)
Landfill site
Wastewater
treatment plant
Sludge
Recycled water
Surface water/
Groundwater
body
Fig. 13.1 General pathways of antibiotics contaminants in the environment
13.3 Effects of Antibiotics Contamination
The presence of antibiotics at its detection limits in various environmental matrices
has recently been reported as a serious threat to the environment and human health,
due to causing antibiotic resistance (Kakavandi et al. 2019). Subsequent existence
of antibiotics residues in the environment matrix could affect aquatic and terrestrial
organisms (Costanzo et al. 2005; Kotzerke et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2009), alter microbial/metabolic activity and community composition (Underwood et al. 2011), and
lead to the formation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistance
bacterias (ARBs) (Kumar et al. 2019a, b; Gogoi et al. 2018; Tao et al. 2014). Even
though they are found in very low concentrations, they become a real environmental
problem because of high persistence and ecotoxicity that can affect algae/bacteria
(Chen et al. 2017). The effects of antibiotic pollution include the development of
direct toxicity to micro-flora and micro-fauna and possible risks to human health by
the consumption of contaminated non-target fauna (Rigos et al. 2004). Antibiotic
contaminants present in the environmental matrices have a severe effect on aquaculture, the ecology, food chain, flora and fauna, and soil sediments. Hence, the
removal of antibiotics contaminant is most important. The description of various
removal techniques is given in the following section.
13.4 Removal Techniques
The techniques used to eliminate unwanted constituents (antibiotics) from water are
known as removal techniques. There are two types of removal techniques; Ex situ
(away from the contaminated site) and in situ (at the contaminated site). Detailed
297
Antibiotics
Production
Consumers
Veterinary antibiotics
Human
antibiotics
Waste
(water, solid)
Landfill site
Wastewater
treatment plant
Sludge
Recycled water
Surface water/
Groundwater
body
Fig. 13.1 General pathways of antibiotics contaminants in the environment
13.3 Effects of Antibiotics Contamination
The presence of antibiotics at its detection limits in various environmental matrices
has recently been reported as a serious threat to the environment and human health,
due to causing antibiotic resistance (Kakavandi et al. 2019). Subsequent existence
of antibiotics residues in the environment matrix could affect aquatic and terrestrial
organisms (Costanzo et al. 2005; Kotzerke et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2009), alter microbial/metabolic activity and community composition (Underwood et al. 2011), and
lead to the formation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic resistance
bacterias (ARBs) (Kumar et al. 2019a, b; Gogoi et al. 2018; Tao et al. 2014). Even
though they are found in very low concentrations, they become a real environmental
problem because of high persistence and ecotoxicity that can affect algae/bacteria
(Chen et al. 2017). The effects of antibiotic pollution include the development of
direct toxicity to micro-flora and micro-fauna and possible risks to human health by
the consumption of contaminated non-target fauna (Rigos et al. 2004). Antibiotic
contaminants present in the environmental matrices have a severe effect on aquaculture, the ecology, food chain, flora and fauna, and soil sediments. Hence, the
removal of antibiotics contaminant is most important. The description of various
removal techniques is given in the following section.
13.4 Removal Techniques
The techniques used to eliminate unwanted constituents (antibiotics) from water are
known as removal techniques. There are two types of removal techniques; Ex situ
(away from the contaminated site) and in situ (at the contaminated site). Detailed