83
erosion measurements, 19
long-term rate, erosion, 19
rainfall, 18
rainfall erosivity (R) factor, 19–21, 28
RS, 27
satellite images, 18
slope length and steepness, 19, 21, 23, 30
soil erodibility factor (K), 19, 21, 29, 30
soil erosion estimation, 19
soil erosion rate, 27
soil loss, 19, 27
source data, 18, 19
USLE, 19
Rocks, 13
Root-mean-square error (RMSE), 25
RUSLE R factor, 2
S
Sea surface temperature (SST), 44
Sedimentation, 5
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM), 21
Slope length and steepness, 21, 23, 30
Soil data, 21
Soil deflation, 14
Soil degradation, 3
Soil erodibility, 4, 19, 21, 29, 30
Soil erosion
agriculture, 3
atmosphere, 4
baseline data, 40
baseline period, 35
biophysical environment, 4
Central Asia, 7, 30–32, 35, 36, 41, 43,
44, 63, 64
climate change, 3, 4, 7, 36, 40, 45
erodibility, 4
erosion rate, 4
features, 4
future scenarios, 46
GCMs, 3, 7, 35
GIS, 6, 7, 65
human impact, 5
humanity, 6
hydrosphere, 4
impact, 4
intensity, 38
Kazakhstan, 64
Kyrgyzstan, 30
land cover, 65
land degradation, 3
mechanism, 5
modeling method, 7
MUSLE, 6
natural and anthropogenic processes, 3
natural resources, 5
off-site damage, 4
plant biomass, 4
policy implementation, 65
population growth, 4
precipitation, 37, 38, 45, 51, 64
rainfall erosivity, 6, 37
rain/wind energy, 4
recommendations, 65
RS, 6, 7, 65
RUSLE, 19, 36, 44, 35
sedimentation in, 38
slope, 4
soil fertility, 45
soil structure, 4
spatial data, rainfall, 45
spatiotemporal Characteristics, 2
Tajikistan, 43
temperature, 2
Tien Shan, 6
topography, 30
USLE model, 6
vegetation cover, 4, 6
water, 3, 5
water erosion prediction models, 5
Ysyk-Kol Lake, 39
Soil fertility, 45
Soil properties, 21
Soil structure, 4
Spatial-temporal variation, rainfall erosivity in
Kazakhstan
altitude, 50
annual precipitation, 48
annual rainfall, 48, 67
baseline climate, 64
baseline vs. observed stations, 54–56
climate change, 52, 57, 60
erosivity density, 49, 60–62, 67
future scenarios, 60
GCMs, 56, 57
inter-annual variation, 51
longitude/latitude vs. annual precipitation
erosion, 49, 50
physical–geographical
characteristics, 47, 48
precipitation, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
regions, 53, 58–60
soil erosion, 51, 64
soil loss, 52
soil resources, 52
Index
erosion measurements, 19
long-term rate, erosion, 19
rainfall, 18
rainfall erosivity (R) factor, 19–21, 28
RS, 27
satellite images, 18
slope length and steepness, 19, 21, 23, 30
soil erodibility factor (K), 19, 21, 29, 30
soil erosion estimation, 19
soil erosion rate, 27
soil loss, 19, 27
source data, 18, 19
USLE, 19
Rocks, 13
Root-mean-square error (RMSE), 25
RUSLE R factor, 2
S
Sea surface temperature (SST), 44
Sedimentation, 5
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
(SRTM), 21
Slope length and steepness, 21, 23, 30
Soil data, 21
Soil deflation, 14
Soil degradation, 3
Soil erodibility, 4, 19, 21, 29, 30
Soil erosion
agriculture, 3
atmosphere, 4
baseline data, 40
baseline period, 35
biophysical environment, 4
Central Asia, 7, 30–32, 35, 36, 41, 43,
44, 63, 64
climate change, 3, 4, 7, 36, 40, 45
erodibility, 4
erosion rate, 4
features, 4
future scenarios, 46
GCMs, 3, 7, 35
GIS, 6, 7, 65
human impact, 5
humanity, 6
hydrosphere, 4
impact, 4
intensity, 38
Kazakhstan, 64
Kyrgyzstan, 30
land cover, 65
land degradation, 3
mechanism, 5
modeling method, 7
MUSLE, 6
natural and anthropogenic processes, 3
natural resources, 5
off-site damage, 4
plant biomass, 4
policy implementation, 65
population growth, 4
precipitation, 37, 38, 45, 51, 64
rainfall erosivity, 6, 37
rain/wind energy, 4
recommendations, 65
RS, 6, 7, 65
RUSLE, 19, 36, 44, 35
sedimentation in, 38
slope, 4
soil fertility, 45
soil structure, 4
spatial data, rainfall, 45
spatiotemporal Characteristics, 2
Tajikistan, 43
temperature, 2
Tien Shan, 6
topography, 30
USLE model, 6
vegetation cover, 4, 6
water, 3, 5
water erosion prediction models, 5
Ysyk-Kol Lake, 39
Soil fertility, 45
Soil properties, 21
Soil structure, 4
Spatial-temporal variation, rainfall erosivity in
Kazakhstan
altitude, 50
annual precipitation, 48
annual rainfall, 48, 67
baseline climate, 64
baseline vs. observed stations, 54–56
climate change, 52, 57, 60
erosivity density, 49, 60–62, 67
future scenarios, 60
GCMs, 56, 57
inter-annual variation, 51
longitude/latitude vs. annual precipitation
erosion, 49, 50
physical–geographical
characteristics, 47, 48
precipitation, 49, 51, 52, 56, 57
regions, 53, 58–60
soil erosion, 51, 64
soil loss, 52
soil resources, 52
Index