participated in alkane’s degradation under aerobic conditions. Young (2012)
reported six different white-rot fungi capable of degrading the short-chain alkane
cultivated on oil containing spawn inoculum. Fungi degrade the oil inclusion in the
water purifying units, and this may be applied in the Eco-Machines.
9.3.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Polycyclic aromatic compounds are carcinogenic/or mutagenic and they persistent in
the environment. The structure is constructed only with carbon and hydrogen atoms,
PHs constitute several benzene rings infused form. PAHs are naturally present in the
oil and are released by burning petroleum products, coal and oil drilling (Cerniglia
and Sutherland 2001). PAH are generated through industrial activities and natural
combustion processes. These compounds are hydrophobic with low water solubility.
Thus PAH are readily adsorbed on organic matters such as soils and sediments. The
presence of light/high molecular weight aromatics is showed a low degradation
coefficient. Most fungi degrade the PAH to their extracellular enzymatic reaction
and synergic action with other soil microorganisms. However, the PAH degradation
proportion was negligible in marsh soil compared to forest soil, due to high salinity
and the enzyme action. The high salinity and slurry conditions inhibited the enzyme
action most of the ligninolytic capacity of fungi. Few white-rot fungi and other
anamorphic ascomycetes have halotolerant efficiency, whereas other fungi may be
affect by a high salinity environment. Phlebia species are high salinity tolerance and
modify the lignin under a saline environment (Li et al. 2003). Zygomycetes fungi
were capable of degrading the PAHs by their cytochrome enzymes. Also, PAHs can
be degraded by other white-rot basidiomycetes fungi due to their excellent extracellular enzymes. Fungal extracellular enzymes degradation of PAHs mirrors resamples
with lignin and both water-insoluble with fused benzene rings and stereo irregular
(Harvey and Thurston 2001). Ligninolytic enzymes degrade PAHs molecules and
fragment in the large hydrophobic particles to pass through the cell walls.
Further, the oxidative enzyme activity on aromatic rings creates PAH-quinones
that may mineralize. Litter-decomposing fungi had a high level of Mn-peroxide
activity compare with wood decomposer fungi and efficiently degrade such organ
pollutants (Steffen et al. 2007). The key enzyme laccase was involved in the first
stage of PAH oxidize through the downstream process by fungal peroxidases.
Relative numbers of scientific evidence were documented on PAHs remediation
by Agrocybe praecox, Bjerkandera adusta, Irpex lateus, Phlebia spp. Pleurotus
ostreatus and Trametes versicolor (Beaudette et al. 1998; Novotny et al. 2000;
Kamei et al. 2005; Tuomela et al. 1999). Basidiomycetes white-rot fungi break
down the lignin substrate, and the remaining cellulose represents the white color or
yellow. White-rot lignicolous fungi produce enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases enzymes instead of polysaccharides. The Mn-Peroxide catalyzed the H 2 O 2 -
dependent oxidation process. The phenolic components from the lignin substrate
were oxidized by chelated Mn3
+
. However, Stropharia rugosoannulata, the
250
J. Raman et al.
reported six different white-rot fungi capable of degrading the short-chain alkane
cultivated on oil containing spawn inoculum. Fungi degrade the oil inclusion in the
water purifying units, and this may be applied in the Eco-Machines.
9.3.2 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)
Polycyclic aromatic compounds are carcinogenic/or mutagenic and they persistent in
the environment. The structure is constructed only with carbon and hydrogen atoms,
PHs constitute several benzene rings infused form. PAHs are naturally present in the
oil and are released by burning petroleum products, coal and oil drilling (Cerniglia
and Sutherland 2001). PAH are generated through industrial activities and natural
combustion processes. These compounds are hydrophobic with low water solubility.
Thus PAH are readily adsorbed on organic matters such as soils and sediments. The
presence of light/high molecular weight aromatics is showed a low degradation
coefficient. Most fungi degrade the PAH to their extracellular enzymatic reaction
and synergic action with other soil microorganisms. However, the PAH degradation
proportion was negligible in marsh soil compared to forest soil, due to high salinity
and the enzyme action. The high salinity and slurry conditions inhibited the enzyme
action most of the ligninolytic capacity of fungi. Few white-rot fungi and other
anamorphic ascomycetes have halotolerant efficiency, whereas other fungi may be
affect by a high salinity environment. Phlebia species are high salinity tolerance and
modify the lignin under a saline environment (Li et al. 2003). Zygomycetes fungi
were capable of degrading the PAHs by their cytochrome enzymes. Also, PAHs can
be degraded by other white-rot basidiomycetes fungi due to their excellent extracellular enzymes. Fungal extracellular enzymes degradation of PAHs mirrors resamples
with lignin and both water-insoluble with fused benzene rings and stereo irregular
(Harvey and Thurston 2001). Ligninolytic enzymes degrade PAHs molecules and
fragment in the large hydrophobic particles to pass through the cell walls.
Further, the oxidative enzyme activity on aromatic rings creates PAH-quinones
that may mineralize. Litter-decomposing fungi had a high level of Mn-peroxide
activity compare with wood decomposer fungi and efficiently degrade such organ
pollutants (Steffen et al. 2007). The key enzyme laccase was involved in the first
stage of PAH oxidize through the downstream process by fungal peroxidases.
Relative numbers of scientific evidence were documented on PAHs remediation
by Agrocybe praecox, Bjerkandera adusta, Irpex lateus, Phlebia spp. Pleurotus
ostreatus and Trametes versicolor (Beaudette et al. 1998; Novotny et al. 2000;
Kamei et al. 2005; Tuomela et al. 1999). Basidiomycetes white-rot fungi break
down the lignin substrate, and the remaining cellulose represents the white color or
yellow. White-rot lignicolous fungi produce enzymes such as laccases and peroxidases enzymes instead of polysaccharides. The Mn-Peroxide catalyzed the H 2 O 2 -
dependent oxidation process. The phenolic components from the lignin substrate
were oxidized by chelated Mn3
+
. However, Stropharia rugosoannulata, the
250
J. Raman et al.