polyethylene (industrial plastic) in laboratory-scale experiments by Raaman et al.
2012. In 2011 a student from Yale University, USA, discovered polyurethane
consumed/degrade fungal species Pestalotiopsis microspora in Amazon rain forest
and few edible mushrooms capable of breaking down and eating the plastic (Russell
et al. 2011). However, fungi are unable to degrade the polyethylene (PE), whereas
the number of fungi that have reportedly could degrade polyurethane and LDPE.
High consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons causes adverse effects on the
ecosystem. The carcinogenic and mutagenic components from the petrochemicals
can harm plant growth and soil health. The seepages and disaster can intensively
affect soil physiochemical property and texture. However, the soil percolation,
porosity and fertility of the soil have been affected permanently. The petroleum
chemical remediation process is an elaborating process and cost-effective. However,
the microbial (bacteria/fungi) degradation approach was cost and effective process.
The detoxification approach is named as biostimulation. The sufficient soil nutrient
enhances the microbial populations and hence, increases the rate by degradation/
mineralization processes. The petroleum products stimulate the microbial growth in
soil, whereas the enzyme activity was altered. Soil enzymes were determined by the
type of pollution in the soil. Photo-oxidation/UV irradiations stimulate the intake of
hydrocarbons, fungal oxygenases and peroxidase are key enzymes involved in the
degradation process. The enzyme activated by oxidative (incorporation of oxygen)
process. The aerobic degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) was initiated
with an oxidation process and alkanes converted into fatty acid as an end product.
The microbial interaction and attachment on the oil droplet surface were unclear.
However, the fungal immobilization system was actively involved in the hydrocarbon and PAHs degradation process. Hydrocarbon aging thus results in a reduced
rate of degradation in the early stages. The widespread availability of hydrocarbon
on soil surface may increases penetration into the pores leading to reduce microbial
intake and bioavailability. Long time availability of hydrocarbon may have altered
the chemical nature of the soli. Diverse filamentous and white-rot fungi have the
potential to degrade and dissolution the toxic substance into no-toxic metabolites.
PAHs mineralized through extracellular ligninolytic enzymes such as manganese
peroxidase, laccases and lignin peroxidase. Those enzymes respond to lignin biodegradation and also participate in the different aromatic and organic complexes.
Yeast genera, Yarrowia and Pichia were isolated from the oil-spilled soil and
reported high potential degradation of petrochemical and diesel oil.
Fungi utilized the hydrocarbons as a source (carbon) of energy, most probably the
polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum products (Sun et al. 2010).
Copiotrophic fungi (molds) are anticipated to the rich organic and carbon sources
and effectively utilize diesel oil. For the laboratory experiment aspect, few efficient
filamentous fungi like Aspergillus niger, A. japonicas, Penicillium glabrum and
Cladosporium cladosporioides were utilized in the remediation process. Fungi
degrade the alkanes through the mono/di-terminal oxidization process. The
corresponding alcohols are modified to aldehydes and fatty acids. Iida et al.,
(2000) reported that the eukaryotic P450 enzyme system was involved in the
petrochemical degradation in yeast species. Besides P450 enzyme actively
9 Mycoremediation: An Elimination of Metal and Non-metal Inclusions from. . .
249
2012. In 2011 a student from Yale University, USA, discovered polyurethane
consumed/degrade fungal species Pestalotiopsis microspora in Amazon rain forest
and few edible mushrooms capable of breaking down and eating the plastic (Russell
et al. 2011). However, fungi are unable to degrade the polyethylene (PE), whereas
the number of fungi that have reportedly could degrade polyurethane and LDPE.
High consumption of petroleum hydrocarbons causes adverse effects on the
ecosystem. The carcinogenic and mutagenic components from the petrochemicals
can harm plant growth and soil health. The seepages and disaster can intensively
affect soil physiochemical property and texture. However, the soil percolation,
porosity and fertility of the soil have been affected permanently. The petroleum
chemical remediation process is an elaborating process and cost-effective. However,
the microbial (bacteria/fungi) degradation approach was cost and effective process.
The detoxification approach is named as biostimulation. The sufficient soil nutrient
enhances the microbial populations and hence, increases the rate by degradation/
mineralization processes. The petroleum products stimulate the microbial growth in
soil, whereas the enzyme activity was altered. Soil enzymes were determined by the
type of pollution in the soil. Photo-oxidation/UV irradiations stimulate the intake of
hydrocarbons, fungal oxygenases and peroxidase are key enzymes involved in the
degradation process. The enzyme activated by oxidative (incorporation of oxygen)
process. The aerobic degradation of aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes) was initiated
with an oxidation process and alkanes converted into fatty acid as an end product.
The microbial interaction and attachment on the oil droplet surface were unclear.
However, the fungal immobilization system was actively involved in the hydrocarbon and PAHs degradation process. Hydrocarbon aging thus results in a reduced
rate of degradation in the early stages. The widespread availability of hydrocarbon
on soil surface may increases penetration into the pores leading to reduce microbial
intake and bioavailability. Long time availability of hydrocarbon may have altered
the chemical nature of the soli. Diverse filamentous and white-rot fungi have the
potential to degrade and dissolution the toxic substance into no-toxic metabolites.
PAHs mineralized through extracellular ligninolytic enzymes such as manganese
peroxidase, laccases and lignin peroxidase. Those enzymes respond to lignin biodegradation and also participate in the different aromatic and organic complexes.
Yeast genera, Yarrowia and Pichia were isolated from the oil-spilled soil and
reported high potential degradation of petrochemical and diesel oil.
Fungi utilized the hydrocarbons as a source (carbon) of energy, most probably the
polycyclic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum products (Sun et al. 2010).
Copiotrophic fungi (molds) are anticipated to the rich organic and carbon sources
and effectively utilize diesel oil. For the laboratory experiment aspect, few efficient
filamentous fungi like Aspergillus niger, A. japonicas, Penicillium glabrum and
Cladosporium cladosporioides were utilized in the remediation process. Fungi
degrade the alkanes through the mono/di-terminal oxidization process. The
corresponding alcohols are modified to aldehydes and fatty acids. Iida et al.,
(2000) reported that the eukaryotic P450 enzyme system was involved in the
petrochemical degradation in yeast species. Besides P450 enzyme actively
9 Mycoremediation: An Elimination of Metal and Non-metal Inclusions from. . .
249