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GJ, Visvader JE (2006) Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell.
Nature 439:84–88
Spielmann H, Seiler A, Bremer S, Hareng L, Hartung T, Ahr H, Faustman E, Haas U, Moffat GJ,
Nau H, Vanparys P, Piersma A, Sintes JR, Stuart J (2006) The practical application of three
validated in vitro embryotoxicity tests. The report and recommendations of an ECVAM/ZEBET
workshop (ECVAM workshop 57). Altern Lab Anim 34:527–538
Spielmann H, Grune B, Liebsch M, Seiler A, Vogel R (2008) Successful validation of in vitro
methods in toxicology by ZEBET, the National Centre for alternatives in Germany at the BfR
(Federal Institute for Risk Assessment). Exp Toxicol Pathol 60:225–233
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414:122–128
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A. Kumar et al.
the embryonic stem cell test and application and use in the pharmaceutical industry. Birth
Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol 83:104–111
Pellizzer C, Adler S, Corvi R, Hartung T, Bremer S (2004a) Monitoring of teratogenic effects
in vitro by analysing a selected gene expression pattern. Toxicol In Vitro 18:325–335
Pellizzer C, Bello E, Adler S, Hartung T, Bremer S (2004b) Detection of tissue-specific effects by
methotrexate on differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod
Toxicol 71:331–341
Pratt RM, Grove RI, Willis WD (1982) Prescreening for environmental teratogens using cultured
mesenchymal cells from the human embryonic palate. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen 2:313–318
Riebeling C, Pirow R, Becker K, Buesen R, Eikel D, Kaltenhãuser J, Meyer F, Nau H, Slawik B,
Visan A, Volland J, Spielmann H, Luch A, Seiler A (2011) The embryonic stem cell test as tool
to assess structure-dependent teratogenicity: the case of Valproic acid. Toxicol Sci 120:360–370
Rolletschek A, Blyszczuk P, Wobus AM (2004) Embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac, neuronal and
pancreatic cells as model systems to study toxicological effects. Toxicol Lett 149:361–369
Russell WMS, Burch RL (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen, In.
London
Sabetkish S, Kajbafzadeh AM, Sabetkish N, Khorramirouz R, Akbarzadeh A, Seyedian SL,
Pasalar P, Orangian S, Beigi RS, Aryan Z, Akbari H, Tavangar SM (2014) Whole-organ tissue
engineering: decellularization and recellularization of three-dimensional matrix liver scaffolds. J
Biomed Mater Res A 103:1498–1508
Scadden D (2006) The stem-cell niche as an entity of action. Nature 441(7097):1075–1079
Scanu M, Mancuso L, Cao G (2011) Evaluation of the use of human Mesenchymal stem cells for
acute toxicity tests. Toxicol In Vitro 25:1989–1995
Schmidt MM, Guan KAOMEI, Wobus AM (2001) Lithium influences differentiation and tissuespecific gene expression of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro. Int J Dev Biol
45:421–429
Schuldiner M, Yanuka O, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Melton DA, Benvenisty N (2000) Effects of eight
growth factors on the differentiation of cells derived from human embryonic stem cells. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A 97:11307–11312
Seiler AE (2006) Use of murine embryonic stem cells in embryotoxicity assays: the embryonic stem
cell test. Methods Mol Biol 329:371–395
Seiler AE, Spielmann H (2011) The validated embryonic stem cell test to predict embryotoxicity
in vitro. Nat Protoc 6:961–978
Seiler A, Visan A, Buesen R, Genschow E, Spielmann H (2004) Improvement of an in vitro stem
cell assay for developmental toxicity: the use of molecular endpoints in the embryonic stem cell
test. Reprod Toxicol 18:231–240
Sell S (2004) Stem cells what are they? Where do they come from? Why are they Here? When do
they go wrong? Where are they going? In: Stem cell handbook. Humana Press Inc., Totowa, pp
1–18
Shackleton M, Vaillant F, Simpson KJ, Stingl J, Smyth GK, Asselin-Labat ML, Wu L, Lindeman
GJ, Visvader JE (2006) Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell.
Nature 439:84–88
Spielmann H, Seiler A, Bremer S, Hareng L, Hartung T, Ahr H, Faustman E, Haas U, Moffat GJ,
Nau H, Vanparys P, Piersma A, Sintes JR, Stuart J (2006) The practical application of three
validated in vitro embryotoxicity tests. The report and recommendations of an ECVAM/ZEBET
workshop (ECVAM workshop 57). Altern Lab Anim 34:527–538
Spielmann H, Grune B, Liebsch M, Seiler A, Vogel R (2008) Successful validation of in vitro
methods in toxicology by ZEBET, the National Centre for alternatives in Germany at the BfR
(Federal Institute for Risk Assessment). Exp Toxicol Pathol 60:225–233
Surani MA (2001) Reprogramming of genome function through epigenetic inheritance. Nature
414:122–128
264
A. Kumar et al.