a metal surface, allowing the sample solution flow in excess over that surface, while
using SPR spectroscopy to measure the changes in the SPR angle, which is the angle
of minimum reflectivity, it can be determined by varying the incidence angle and
recording the reflected light intensity during the biological binding reaction between
various biomolecules. So far, numerous studies have advanced the potential of SPR
sensors by increasing the effectiveness of the techniques.
SPR system offers a simple means of identifying bacteria, even a very small
number of bacteria in real time, without any markers. The bacteria interact with
specific ligands grafted on the chip, to bring about a local change in the refractive
index in the vicinity of surface and then a plasmonic resonance signal. Using SPR
system in imaging allows numerous different probes to be attached to the chip’s
surface measuring, so that numerous pathogens can be simultaneously identified in
the course of a single test. SPR-based biosensors have been reported by many
researchers for the detection of food-borne pathogens such as L. monocytogenes
(Koubova et al. 2001), Salmonella (Koubova et al. 2001; Oh et al. 2004), and E. coli
O157:H7 (Subramanian et al. 2006; Waswa et al. 2007). Also, commercially
available optical biosensors use SPR for monitoring and identifying pathogens and
their toxins especially in environmental pollution.
9.2.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Sensor
Carbon dioxide sensor is a device for the measurement of elevated CO 2 gas level
from biomedical studies to food-packaging processes. As the role of these gases, in
the determination of air quality by biochemical reactions, Now a days, development
of different types of CO2 sensors such as optical sensors, polymer opal films,
polymer hydrogels, etc., by using different fabrics, such as solid electrolyte, mixed
oxide capacitors, polymers with carbonate solution and so on, have been
investigated (Lai et al. 2011). Among them, solid electrolyte-type CO 2 sensors are
of particular interest from the viewpoint of low-cost, high-sensitivity, highselectivity, and simple element structure (Santonico et al. 2017). There are needs
of efficient CO 2 sensors that can intelligently monitor the gas concentration changes.
Hence, a CO 2 sensor incorporated into package can efficiently monitor product
quality. Although much progress has been made so far in the development of sensors
monitoring CO 2 , most of them are not versatile and suffer from limitations such as
high equipment cost, bulkiness, and energy input requirement, including safety
concerns. Latest approaches, for more compatible with industrial demand, would
consist of printable sensor membranes on the packaging material and should provide
information about analytes at any given stage in the packaging and delivery process,
to sense the physical and biological (microbiological) changes (Mheen and Kwon
1984). Chu and Syu (2017) design a carbon dioxide based an optical sensor for the
sensing films coated on filter paper. Ethyl cellulose (EC) doped with platinum
(II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP) and 7-amino-4trifluoromethyl coumarin serve as the oxygen-sensing material and reference blue
emission dye for the pH indicator, respectively. The sensing layer includes the
pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator 1-hydroxy-3,6,8-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium
salt immobilized within the ethyl cellulose. The carbon di oxide sensitive materials
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S. Purwar and S. Srivastava
using SPR spectroscopy to measure the changes in the SPR angle, which is the angle
of minimum reflectivity, it can be determined by varying the incidence angle and
recording the reflected light intensity during the biological binding reaction between
various biomolecules. So far, numerous studies have advanced the potential of SPR
sensors by increasing the effectiveness of the techniques.
SPR system offers a simple means of identifying bacteria, even a very small
number of bacteria in real time, without any markers. The bacteria interact with
specific ligands grafted on the chip, to bring about a local change in the refractive
index in the vicinity of surface and then a plasmonic resonance signal. Using SPR
system in imaging allows numerous different probes to be attached to the chip’s
surface measuring, so that numerous pathogens can be simultaneously identified in
the course of a single test. SPR-based biosensors have been reported by many
researchers for the detection of food-borne pathogens such as L. monocytogenes
(Koubova et al. 2001), Salmonella (Koubova et al. 2001; Oh et al. 2004), and E. coli
O157:H7 (Subramanian et al. 2006; Waswa et al. 2007). Also, commercially
available optical biosensors use SPR for monitoring and identifying pathogens and
their toxins especially in environmental pollution.
9.2.4.3 Carbon Dioxide Sensor
Carbon dioxide sensor is a device for the measurement of elevated CO 2 gas level
from biomedical studies to food-packaging processes. As the role of these gases, in
the determination of air quality by biochemical reactions, Now a days, development
of different types of CO2 sensors such as optical sensors, polymer opal films,
polymer hydrogels, etc., by using different fabrics, such as solid electrolyte, mixed
oxide capacitors, polymers with carbonate solution and so on, have been
investigated (Lai et al. 2011). Among them, solid electrolyte-type CO 2 sensors are
of particular interest from the viewpoint of low-cost, high-sensitivity, highselectivity, and simple element structure (Santonico et al. 2017). There are needs
of efficient CO 2 sensors that can intelligently monitor the gas concentration changes.
Hence, a CO 2 sensor incorporated into package can efficiently monitor product
quality. Although much progress has been made so far in the development of sensors
monitoring CO 2 , most of them are not versatile and suffer from limitations such as
high equipment cost, bulkiness, and energy input requirement, including safety
concerns. Latest approaches, for more compatible with industrial demand, would
consist of printable sensor membranes on the packaging material and should provide
information about analytes at any given stage in the packaging and delivery process,
to sense the physical and biological (microbiological) changes (Mheen and Kwon
1984). Chu and Syu (2017) design a carbon dioxide based an optical sensor for the
sensing films coated on filter paper. Ethyl cellulose (EC) doped with platinum
(II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP) and 7-amino-4trifluoromethyl coumarin serve as the oxygen-sensing material and reference blue
emission dye for the pH indicator, respectively. The sensing layer includes the
pH-sensitive fluorescent indicator 1-hydroxy-3,6,8-pyrenetrisulfonic acid trisodium
salt immobilized within the ethyl cellulose. The carbon di oxide sensitive materials
202
S. Purwar and S. Srivastava