17 Adapting to Climate Change by Building Back Better in Disaster Recovery …
317
The second DRR initiative is multi-hazard based land use planning, which is
also an effective risk reduction method where changes in land-use are considered
to match risk levels along with appropriate building solutions (Mannakkara and
Wilkinson 2012b; Baradan 2006). The relocation of community settlements and
infrastructure from high- to low-risk areas is the last resort option in terms of BBB due
to the disruptions relocation causes to livelihoods and social structures (Oliver-Smith
1991). BBB theory proposes that if relocation is opted for, it needs to be implemented
under a comprehensive resettlement strategy developed with community consent and
input which considers multi-hazard risks of new lands, infrastructure, community
preferences, and livelihood and lifestyle opportunities (Mannakkara et al. 2018).
The third DRR initiative, early warning and DRR education is often the most
practical form of reducing risk in disadvantaged communities that are unable to
effectively upgrade the built environment due to funding and resource constraints
or change land-use due to land shortages and social and cultural pressures. Early
warning and DRR education bridge the gap between DRR knowledge and implementation (UNISDR 2015). BBB advocates for early warning to provide timely,
effective information to take action to avoid or reduce risks (UNISDR 2004; de
León et al. 2006) and DRR education to “use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of resilience” in stakeholders as well as the local community
(UNISDR 2005; Shaw et al. 2009).
17.4 Community Recovery
BBB stresses the importance of addressing and improving the psychosocial and
economic environments of communities along with the risk reduction process to
create resilience (Colten et al. 2008; Chang and Rose 2012). The Community
Recovery component of the BBB Framework first advocates for psychological and
social well-being (Mannakkara and Wilkinson 2015b). Communities need to be
supported through the recovery process by providing personalised advisory services,
special assistance for vulnerable populations, psychological support and counselling
services, keeping the community informed, ensuring transparency, and having activities to retain and build community cohesion and social capital (Matanle 2011;
Florian 2007). Another important aspect contributing to psychosocial recovery is the
involvement of communities in the recovery process. People who actively take part
in recovery through involvement in community consultation, community recovery
and rebuilding projects and owner-building are often more satisfied with recovery
outcomes, and develop personal resilience and adaptive capacity to cope with future
events (Gibbs et al. 2015; Reich 2006; Gordon 2009).
Economic prosperity is as vital to a community’s recovery and resilience, as a safe
built environment and good social and cultural welfare. A community cannot thrive
and retain and attract residents without economic benefits. The second Community
Recovery component in the BBB Framework is economic recovery and recommends
the development of a tailored economic recovery strategy that meets the needs and
317
The second DRR initiative is multi-hazard based land use planning, which is
also an effective risk reduction method where changes in land-use are considered
to match risk levels along with appropriate building solutions (Mannakkara and
Wilkinson 2012b; Baradan 2006). The relocation of community settlements and
infrastructure from high- to low-risk areas is the last resort option in terms of BBB due
to the disruptions relocation causes to livelihoods and social structures (Oliver-Smith
1991). BBB theory proposes that if relocation is opted for, it needs to be implemented
under a comprehensive resettlement strategy developed with community consent and
input which considers multi-hazard risks of new lands, infrastructure, community
preferences, and livelihood and lifestyle opportunities (Mannakkara et al. 2018).
The third DRR initiative, early warning and DRR education is often the most
practical form of reducing risk in disadvantaged communities that are unable to
effectively upgrade the built environment due to funding and resource constraints
or change land-use due to land shortages and social and cultural pressures. Early
warning and DRR education bridge the gap between DRR knowledge and implementation (UNISDR 2015). BBB advocates for early warning to provide timely,
effective information to take action to avoid or reduce risks (UNISDR 2004; de
León et al. 2006) and DRR education to “use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of resilience” in stakeholders as well as the local community
(UNISDR 2005; Shaw et al. 2009).
17.4 Community Recovery
BBB stresses the importance of addressing and improving the psychosocial and
economic environments of communities along with the risk reduction process to
create resilience (Colten et al. 2008; Chang and Rose 2012). The Community
Recovery component of the BBB Framework first advocates for psychological and
social well-being (Mannakkara and Wilkinson 2015b). Communities need to be
supported through the recovery process by providing personalised advisory services,
special assistance for vulnerable populations, psychological support and counselling
services, keeping the community informed, ensuring transparency, and having activities to retain and build community cohesion and social capital (Matanle 2011;
Florian 2007). Another important aspect contributing to psychosocial recovery is the
involvement of communities in the recovery process. People who actively take part
in recovery through involvement in community consultation, community recovery
and rebuilding projects and owner-building are often more satisfied with recovery
outcomes, and develop personal resilience and adaptive capacity to cope with future
events (Gibbs et al. 2015; Reich 2006; Gordon 2009).
Economic prosperity is as vital to a community’s recovery and resilience, as a safe
built environment and good social and cultural welfare. A community cannot thrive
and retain and attract residents without economic benefits. The second Community
Recovery component in the BBB Framework is economic recovery and recommends
the development of a tailored economic recovery strategy that meets the needs and