222
H. Dwinantoaji et al.
Fig. 12.8 Flooding duration
26%
52%
22%
Fig. 12.9 Flooding depth
29%
45%
26%
Additionally, water scarcity is also a barrier to basic sanitation and hygiene and
can lead to the spread of skin diseases that can otherwise be prevented by promoting
improving hygiene. Stagnant water also provides essential habitat for the intermediate
hosts of important parasites. Human infection can result following an exposure to
water in which these hosts and parasites live (water-based diseases) or through the
bite of insects that live or breed in water (water-related diseases) (Zakar et al. 2012;
Mor and Griffiths 2011).
Figure 12.10 shows the case of diseases that most commonly occurred in Kemijen.
Health cadres reported there were diarrhea (29 of 116 cases), dengue fever (23 of
116 cases), skin diseases (26 of 116 cases), leptospirosis (13 of 116 cases), malnutrition (5 of 116 cases), acute respiratory infections (8 of 116 cases), and typhus (12 of
116 cases). The floods-related health issues most frequently reported by health cadres