8
beyond their borders. They also should describe criteria as well as standard in environmental issues, taking into concern the system of values existing in every nation,
particularly in developing nations. Nations should assist to protect as well as develop
the environment and make sure that international organizations play a harmonized,
effective, as well as active role in this field.
The final principle criticizes nuclear weapons as well as all other ways of mass
destruction.
An additional key consequence of the Stockholm Conference in 1972 was the
“Action Plan for Human Environment” comprising 109 resolutions covering the
various fields of environmental studies.
The conference also suggested the formation of an organization to be charged
with environmental matters. In response, the UN General Assembly created the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in 1972.
The developments after 1972 include the following:
• Adoption of convention covering Europe, Canada and the US on principles of
long-range transboundary air pollution control in 1979
• Adoption of the world charter for Nature by The UN General Assembly in 1982
• Adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982
• Vienna Convention on Ozone depleting substance in 1985 was complemented by
Montreal Protocol in 1987
• Adoption of General rules based on the principle that river states should cooperate by the UN Economic Commission for Europe in 1992
• Convention on Climate Change in 1992
The international environmental law adopts the following principles:
A. State Sovereignty: State is the only authority for its territory.
B. Cooperation: External relations in accordance with its interest.
C. CPreservation and Protection of the Environment: This principle is one more
crucial basis of international environmental law.
Article 192 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea states that:
States have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment.
D. Prevention: Prevention of Environmental degradation.
E. Precautionary Principle: Precaution seeks to avoid environmental harm.
F. The Polluter Pays Principle: Polluter who harms environment is responsible to
pay compensation and the expenses to remedy that harm.
G. Information and Assistance in Environmental Emergencies: It is a customary
duty for countries to share information as well as assistance in environmental
emergencies.
As per Principle 18 of the Rio Declaration:
States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies
that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States.
1 Environmental Legislation
beyond their borders. They also should describe criteria as well as standard in environmental issues, taking into concern the system of values existing in every nation,
particularly in developing nations. Nations should assist to protect as well as develop
the environment and make sure that international organizations play a harmonized,
effective, as well as active role in this field.
The final principle criticizes nuclear weapons as well as all other ways of mass
destruction.
An additional key consequence of the Stockholm Conference in 1972 was the
“Action Plan for Human Environment” comprising 109 resolutions covering the
various fields of environmental studies.
The conference also suggested the formation of an organization to be charged
with environmental matters. In response, the UN General Assembly created the
United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) in 1972.
The developments after 1972 include the following:
• Adoption of convention covering Europe, Canada and the US on principles of
long-range transboundary air pollution control in 1979
• Adoption of the world charter for Nature by The UN General Assembly in 1982
• Adoption of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982
• Vienna Convention on Ozone depleting substance in 1985 was complemented by
Montreal Protocol in 1987
• Adoption of General rules based on the principle that river states should cooperate by the UN Economic Commission for Europe in 1992
• Convention on Climate Change in 1992
The international environmental law adopts the following principles:
A. State Sovereignty: State is the only authority for its territory.
B. Cooperation: External relations in accordance with its interest.
C. CPreservation and Protection of the Environment: This principle is one more
crucial basis of international environmental law.
Article 192 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea states that:
States have the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment.
D. Prevention: Prevention of Environmental degradation.
E. Precautionary Principle: Precaution seeks to avoid environmental harm.
F. The Polluter Pays Principle: Polluter who harms environment is responsible to
pay compensation and the expenses to remedy that harm.
G. Information and Assistance in Environmental Emergencies: It is a customary
duty for countries to share information as well as assistance in environmental
emergencies.
As per Principle 18 of the Rio Declaration:
States shall immediately notify other States of any natural disasters or other emergencies
that are likely to produce sudden harmful effects on the environment of those States.
1 Environmental Legislation