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Modifiable environment that influent health includes the following:
• Air, soil and water pollution
• Urban heat island
• Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation
• Hazardous substance in consumable products
• Built environment
• Exposure to hazardous substance in building material
• Noise, electromagnetic fields
• Lighting
• Occupational risks
• Solid waste management
• Agricultural methods, irrigation schemes
• Wastewater management and
• Anthropogenic climate changes, ecosystem degradation
In 2012, 12.6 million people passed away due to working/living in an unhealthy
environment which represented 23% of all deaths. The portion of the global burden
of disease due to the environment with respect to both death and disability is 22%
(WHO 2017). This means that 22% of sickness can be avoided by maintaining
proper environment. Proper environmental management is cheaper compared to
curing unless environmental managers do not boost up costs like – (1) high consultancy charges to the tune of 10–20% of total project cost, (2) unnecessary material
and specification to boost up the project cost, and (3) unskilled unproductive manpower whose salaries are mere waste.
4.6 Planning Urban Health Governance
The speedy urbanization across the world poses immense challenges in urban planning. The swift migrations of people can result in overcrowding besides governments may not be able to give adequate sewerage, safe drinking water, transportation,
as well as housing.
As of 2015 more than half of the global population has access to piped water
connection to their residences. Since 1990, about 2 billion urban inhabitants have
access to better sanitation and over 2 billion persons have access to better drinking
water facilities. On the other hand, more than 700 million people are still devoid of
access to safe drinking water with half the population in sub-Saharan Africa lacking
such facilities.
Between 1990 and 2012, the people who were devoid of sanitation raised from
215 to 756 million (WHO 2014). Worldwide there was decrease in open defecation
from 24% to 14% between 1990 and 2012. But, 1 billion people across the globe
still practiced open defecation as on 2015.
4 Environmental Health Planning
Modifiable environment that influent health includes the following:
• Air, soil and water pollution
• Urban heat island
• Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation
• Hazardous substance in consumable products
• Built environment
• Exposure to hazardous substance in building material
• Noise, electromagnetic fields
• Lighting
• Occupational risks
• Solid waste management
• Agricultural methods, irrigation schemes
• Wastewater management and
• Anthropogenic climate changes, ecosystem degradation
In 2012, 12.6 million people passed away due to working/living in an unhealthy
environment which represented 23% of all deaths. The portion of the global burden
of disease due to the environment with respect to both death and disability is 22%
(WHO 2017). This means that 22% of sickness can be avoided by maintaining
proper environment. Proper environmental management is cheaper compared to
curing unless environmental managers do not boost up costs like – (1) high consultancy charges to the tune of 10–20% of total project cost, (2) unnecessary material
and specification to boost up the project cost, and (3) unskilled unproductive manpower whose salaries are mere waste.
4.6 Planning Urban Health Governance
The speedy urbanization across the world poses immense challenges in urban planning. The swift migrations of people can result in overcrowding besides governments may not be able to give adequate sewerage, safe drinking water, transportation,
as well as housing.
As of 2015 more than half of the global population has access to piped water
connection to their residences. Since 1990, about 2 billion urban inhabitants have
access to better sanitation and over 2 billion persons have access to better drinking
water facilities. On the other hand, more than 700 million people are still devoid of
access to safe drinking water with half the population in sub-Saharan Africa lacking
such facilities.
Between 1990 and 2012, the people who were devoid of sanitation raised from
215 to 756 million (WHO 2014). Worldwide there was decrease in open defecation
from 24% to 14% between 1990 and 2012. But, 1 billion people across the globe
still practiced open defecation as on 2015.
4 Environmental Health Planning