50
L. Nurhidayah
impact of climate change. There are several law and policy and issues that need to
be improved in addressing SLR as follows:
1. Sectoral legislation hindered the effectiveness of efforts in addressing the problems of SLR and land subsidence. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
2. For local government, Law No 32/2014 has created more complexity and tension
in the management of coastal areas. According to this law, the municipal and
regency level does not have authority to manage coastal areas they previously
managed at 0–4 nautical mile. Under this law, this authority is shifted to the
provincial level at 0–12 nm. The tension lies particularly in the management of
permanently inundated land. The provincial level uses the current coastal line
which has changed as a baseline for ocean/coastal zoning plan while the municipal level object to this plan, instead preferring to use the previous coastal line
which rejected the claim that permanently inundated land becomes the authority
of provincial level.
3. Law No 32/2014 also creates uncertainty in the management of mangrove areas.
Municipal level and regency level could not plant and rehabilitate mangrove as
the authority has been shifted to the provincial level. Therefore, the municipal
level argues that they can now only await and rely on the efforts from provincial
and central governments to address the SLR and land subsidence problems.
4. Law No 24/2007 on disaster management does not define coastal flooding as a
disaster, as this ongoing event occurs almost every day.
5. There is no special treatment afforded to poor people living in prone-disaster areas
in coastal areas and other poor people living in safe areas. They are therefore
burdened with the cost of rehabilitation of the damage of housing but could not
afford to.
6. There is uncertainty as to the status of the land that has been permanently
inundated due to SLR.
7. There is no special law to address necessitated environmental migration. There is
uncertainty as to how to address the issue from a local government perspective.
8. The late response of local government efforts in addressing SLR and land subsidence has been filled by the effort of academics, NGOs, and INGOs and the
corporate social responsibility (CSR) of industries near the coastal areas. These
include mangrove planting and hybrid engineering programs.
Conclusion
Despite global recognition of the implication of climate change on human security and human rights, at the national level the protection and empowerment of local
communities against SLR are hindered by overlapping laws, gaps, and laggard behind
of legislation at national level to address SLR effectively. Paris Agreement requires
all Parties, as appropriate, to engage in adaptation planning and implementation
through, e.g., national adaptation plans, vulnerability assessments, monitoring and
L. Nurhidayah
impact of climate change. There are several law and policy and issues that need to
be improved in addressing SLR as follows:
1. Sectoral legislation hindered the effectiveness of efforts in addressing the problems of SLR and land subsidence. Therefore, it is difficult to achieve Integrated
Coastal Zone Management (ICZM).
2. For local government, Law No 32/2014 has created more complexity and tension
in the management of coastal areas. According to this law, the municipal and
regency level does not have authority to manage coastal areas they previously
managed at 0–4 nautical mile. Under this law, this authority is shifted to the
provincial level at 0–12 nm. The tension lies particularly in the management of
permanently inundated land. The provincial level uses the current coastal line
which has changed as a baseline for ocean/coastal zoning plan while the municipal level object to this plan, instead preferring to use the previous coastal line
which rejected the claim that permanently inundated land becomes the authority
of provincial level.
3. Law No 32/2014 also creates uncertainty in the management of mangrove areas.
Municipal level and regency level could not plant and rehabilitate mangrove as
the authority has been shifted to the provincial level. Therefore, the municipal
level argues that they can now only await and rely on the efforts from provincial
and central governments to address the SLR and land subsidence problems.
4. Law No 24/2007 on disaster management does not define coastal flooding as a
disaster, as this ongoing event occurs almost every day.
5. There is no special treatment afforded to poor people living in prone-disaster areas
in coastal areas and other poor people living in safe areas. They are therefore
burdened with the cost of rehabilitation of the damage of housing but could not
afford to.
6. There is uncertainty as to the status of the land that has been permanently
inundated due to SLR.
7. There is no special law to address necessitated environmental migration. There is
uncertainty as to how to address the issue from a local government perspective.
8. The late response of local government efforts in addressing SLR and land subsidence has been filled by the effort of academics, NGOs, and INGOs and the
corporate social responsibility (CSR) of industries near the coastal areas. These
include mangrove planting and hybrid engineering programs.
Conclusion
Despite global recognition of the implication of climate change on human security and human rights, at the national level the protection and empowerment of local
communities against SLR are hindered by overlapping laws, gaps, and laggard behind
of legislation at national level to address SLR effectively. Paris Agreement requires
all Parties, as appropriate, to engage in adaptation planning and implementation
through, e.g., national adaptation plans, vulnerability assessments, monitoring and