3 Sea-Level Rise (SLR) and Its Implication on Human Security …
49
the definition of flood or the establishment of a special law on climate change adaptation is needed. Currently, Indonesian law is not keeping up and laggard behind with
the need for adaptation. There are key principles that need to be included to change
the law and remove the barriers, to promote adaptation strategies, for example, Law
No 32/2014 is creating uncertainty and conflict on the management of coastal areas
between provincial level and municipal level; as a result, effective adaptation action
is slow in response and not effective; to increase regulatory coordination among
government bodies; to engage with more robust decision-making, for example, in
SLR beside opting for expensive investment dikes and sea wall to hold back the
sea. The government also needs to construct sewage treatment plant, drinking water
treatment plant, hazardous waste treatment, and disposal facilities; and to take decisions whether to allow or not allow new residential and industrial settlement along
disaster-prone areas and to sum any decision regarding long-term investment for
climate change adaptation (Cassotta et al. 2016). IPCC has acknowledged the value
of mix strategies including adaptation, technological development, and research on
climate change adaptation (Cassotta et al. 2016).
From the case studies in Bedono Village and Sri wulan Village it can be seen that
the government needs to address several issues including the protection of citizens
against coastal flooding by establishing infrastructure such as sea wall or ecosystembased approaches such as mangrove planting. In addition, the government needs to
address the issue of internal environment forced migration. However, in the implementation, there is no adequate infrastructure and ecosystem-based approach that has
been established by the government. Instead, the ecosystem-based approach such as
mangrove plantation’s much work is assisted by NGOs working with the community. Wetland International and OISCA international, for example, have been working
toward mangrove plantation in Bedono Village. In addition, without adequate legal
framework, it is difficult to address the issue of environment forced migration. The
legal issue includes the certainty of people’s property regarding the lost land because
of SLR. There is uncertainty whether the community lost their land title because of
their land has been permanently inundated. According to Ministry of Agrarian and
Spatial Planning circulation letter the permanently inundated land will revert back
to government land title.
There is a limitation in application of human security and human rights approach
at the national level. The limitation is that both human security and human rights
emphasize the safety and well-being of the individuals (Grunau, 2003), which makes
the security of individuals secondary to that of the state. However, human security and
human rights approach is a global normative framework that can provide a legal basis
for the improvement of climate change adaptation conducted by the government. The
great strength of human security as a political agenda for global governance seems to
lie in the fact that implementing it “requires overcoming the compartmentalization
of security, humanitarian, human rights, and development strategies by focusing on
the protection and empowerment of people.” (Oberleitner 2005).
The way forward, human security and human rights are both people centered.
Both understand people to be “ends” and not means. Based on this principle there
is an obligation that the state needs to protect and empower their citizen from the
49
the definition of flood or the establishment of a special law on climate change adaptation is needed. Currently, Indonesian law is not keeping up and laggard behind with
the need for adaptation. There are key principles that need to be included to change
the law and remove the barriers, to promote adaptation strategies, for example, Law
No 32/2014 is creating uncertainty and conflict on the management of coastal areas
between provincial level and municipal level; as a result, effective adaptation action
is slow in response and not effective; to increase regulatory coordination among
government bodies; to engage with more robust decision-making, for example, in
SLR beside opting for expensive investment dikes and sea wall to hold back the
sea. The government also needs to construct sewage treatment plant, drinking water
treatment plant, hazardous waste treatment, and disposal facilities; and to take decisions whether to allow or not allow new residential and industrial settlement along
disaster-prone areas and to sum any decision regarding long-term investment for
climate change adaptation (Cassotta et al. 2016). IPCC has acknowledged the value
of mix strategies including adaptation, technological development, and research on
climate change adaptation (Cassotta et al. 2016).
From the case studies in Bedono Village and Sri wulan Village it can be seen that
the government needs to address several issues including the protection of citizens
against coastal flooding by establishing infrastructure such as sea wall or ecosystembased approaches such as mangrove planting. In addition, the government needs to
address the issue of internal environment forced migration. However, in the implementation, there is no adequate infrastructure and ecosystem-based approach that has
been established by the government. Instead, the ecosystem-based approach such as
mangrove plantation’s much work is assisted by NGOs working with the community. Wetland International and OISCA international, for example, have been working
toward mangrove plantation in Bedono Village. In addition, without adequate legal
framework, it is difficult to address the issue of environment forced migration. The
legal issue includes the certainty of people’s property regarding the lost land because
of SLR. There is uncertainty whether the community lost their land title because of
their land has been permanently inundated. According to Ministry of Agrarian and
Spatial Planning circulation letter the permanently inundated land will revert back
to government land title.
There is a limitation in application of human security and human rights approach
at the national level. The limitation is that both human security and human rights
emphasize the safety and well-being of the individuals (Grunau, 2003), which makes
the security of individuals secondary to that of the state. However, human security and
human rights approach is a global normative framework that can provide a legal basis
for the improvement of climate change adaptation conducted by the government. The
great strength of human security as a political agenda for global governance seems to
lie in the fact that implementing it “requires overcoming the compartmentalization
of security, humanitarian, human rights, and development strategies by focusing on
the protection and empowerment of people.” (Oberleitner 2005).
The way forward, human security and human rights are both people centered.
Both understand people to be “ends” and not means. Based on this principle there
is an obligation that the state needs to protect and empower their citizen from the