48
L. Nurhidayah
remedies for the damages they suffer. The claim for human rights violation is difficult
particularly if the community has illegally settled in the disaster-prone areas. So far
the claim of the local community is more based on social and environmental violations
conducted by the decision of the government. There is no such claim brought by local
communities in Semarang and Demak as a result of government decision-making
for infrastructure for CCA. However, there is a case in Jakarta. The Kiara on behalf
of local fishermen brought the case to the court to stop the reclamation in the case
of reclamation in Jakarta Bay., while reclamation has been considered as an integral
part of giant sea wall project as adaptation options of Jakarta from the sinking by
SLR. There was a rejection from small-scale fishers who live near Jakarta Bay. The
small-scale fishers are concerned that their livelihood will be affected by the projects
including the fishers in North Jakarta (Angke Bay, Marunda, and Cilincing) (Kiara
2014). Kiara claims that the project has not conducted an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA). Kiara, a fisheries NGO estimated that 16,855 fishermen will be
displaced by these projects (Elyda 2015). While this ambitious project will probably
protect all the citizen’s of Jakarta from SLR in long term; displacement of smallscale fisherman near the Jakarta Bay appears to be a short-term cost and raises serious
valuation issues and social justice of climate change adaptation actions (Nurhidayah
and McIlgorm 2019). As the result of this rejection of giant sea wall from the public,
currently, the government of Jakarta proposes a new design to change the giant sea
wall.
An integrated approach is needed to address the issue. ICZM which is incorporated
into territorial planning could be an opportunity to minimize impacts and generate
integration (Sierra-Correa and Kintz 2013). However, integration between sea zoning
and territorial zoning is difficult to be implemented as a sectoral approach as sectoral
ego between provincial level and municipal level are difficult to be resolved. For
example, there is tension between provincial level and municipal level on the permanently inundated land whether it should become sea zoning and become the authority
of provincial level or municipal level, which insists that the permanently inundated
land is still subject to territorial planning. In addition, an integrated coastal zone
management is difficult to be implemented in Indonesia. An adaptation approach
particularly with the establishment of mega infrastructure is a more centralistic
approach, which is the most notable feature of climate change adaptation particularly in terms of developing infrastructures in preventing coastal inundation. The
centralistic approach is taken as there is a lack of local government funding. Most of
the funding for these infrastructures is either loan or PPP (public–private partnership)
and a small number of national and regional budget. While the centralistic approach
is not bad at all; however, the centralistic approach is sometimes ignoring the voice
and vulnerability of coastal communities at the local level.
Adaptation is a very important element for climate change and human security
and human rights nexus. Uncertainty and risk of climate change are relevant to be
considered in adaptation laws and policy. Therefore, it is essential that law and policy
are incorporated for a long term by policy-makers and regulators to respond and adapt
to climate change (Cassotta et al. 2016). As the way forward, amendment of Disaster
Management Law, particularly, to include coastal flooding as the impact of SLR on
L. Nurhidayah
remedies for the damages they suffer. The claim for human rights violation is difficult
particularly if the community has illegally settled in the disaster-prone areas. So far
the claim of the local community is more based on social and environmental violations
conducted by the decision of the government. There is no such claim brought by local
communities in Semarang and Demak as a result of government decision-making
for infrastructure for CCA. However, there is a case in Jakarta. The Kiara on behalf
of local fishermen brought the case to the court to stop the reclamation in the case
of reclamation in Jakarta Bay., while reclamation has been considered as an integral
part of giant sea wall project as adaptation options of Jakarta from the sinking by
SLR. There was a rejection from small-scale fishers who live near Jakarta Bay. The
small-scale fishers are concerned that their livelihood will be affected by the projects
including the fishers in North Jakarta (Angke Bay, Marunda, and Cilincing) (Kiara
2014). Kiara claims that the project has not conducted an Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA). Kiara, a fisheries NGO estimated that 16,855 fishermen will be
displaced by these projects (Elyda 2015). While this ambitious project will probably
protect all the citizen’s of Jakarta from SLR in long term; displacement of smallscale fisherman near the Jakarta Bay appears to be a short-term cost and raises serious
valuation issues and social justice of climate change adaptation actions (Nurhidayah
and McIlgorm 2019). As the result of this rejection of giant sea wall from the public,
currently, the government of Jakarta proposes a new design to change the giant sea
wall.
An integrated approach is needed to address the issue. ICZM which is incorporated
into territorial planning could be an opportunity to minimize impacts and generate
integration (Sierra-Correa and Kintz 2013). However, integration between sea zoning
and territorial zoning is difficult to be implemented as a sectoral approach as sectoral
ego between provincial level and municipal level are difficult to be resolved. For
example, there is tension between provincial level and municipal level on the permanently inundated land whether it should become sea zoning and become the authority
of provincial level or municipal level, which insists that the permanently inundated
land is still subject to territorial planning. In addition, an integrated coastal zone
management is difficult to be implemented in Indonesia. An adaptation approach
particularly with the establishment of mega infrastructure is a more centralistic
approach, which is the most notable feature of climate change adaptation particularly in terms of developing infrastructures in preventing coastal inundation. The
centralistic approach is taken as there is a lack of local government funding. Most of
the funding for these infrastructures is either loan or PPP (public–private partnership)
and a small number of national and regional budget. While the centralistic approach
is not bad at all; however, the centralistic approach is sometimes ignoring the voice
and vulnerability of coastal communities at the local level.
Adaptation is a very important element for climate change and human security
and human rights nexus. Uncertainty and risk of climate change are relevant to be
considered in adaptation laws and policy. Therefore, it is essential that law and policy
are incorporated for a long term by policy-makers and regulators to respond and adapt
to climate change (Cassotta et al. 2016). As the way forward, amendment of Disaster
Management Law, particularly, to include coastal flooding as the impact of SLR on