306
A. G. Wibisana and S. N. Setyorini
as much as 123.41 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Forestry will be responsible for this
activity.
Another example of the mitigation activities within the forestry sector is the development of sustainable agriculture in peatland. It is expected that between 2011
and 2020, sustainable agriculture has been practiced in 325,000 ha of peatlands
in 11 provinces. This activity is also expected to be able to reduce emissions by
103.98 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Agriculture will be the responsible ministry for the
implementation of such sustainable agriculture.
Based on these targets, one could see the importance of peatland protection and
the prevention of wildfires on peatlands to the fulfillment of Indonesia’s emission
reduction target. The needs for peatlands protection and prevention of fires on peatland become even more important after the ratification of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
As stated in the First Nationally Determined Contribution, submitted in November
2016, Indonesia’s emission reduction targets are extended to the post-2020 targets,
that is, the 29% against business-as-usual and 41% with International help in 2030
(Toccani 2016, p. 643).
Indonesia’s Responses to Peatland Degradations
As explained earlier, peatlands degradation has resulted not only from land clearing
and burning activities but also from land conversion from forests into plantations.
Surprisingly, peatlands degradation is very likely to result from both legal and illegal
activities. This section explains how the Indonesian government has responded to
peatland degradation. It seems that the responses for peatland protection can be found
not in forestry provisions, but in environmental management provisions. More importantly, the 2015 forest fires have also boosted the enactment of stricter regulations
related to fire prevention and peatland protection. The provisions concerning peatland
protection and management can be summarized in Table 15.1.
Forestry Law and Forest Protection Regulation in the 2000s:
Business-as-Usual
From a legal point of view, provisions on peatland protection could fall into provisions
within forestry management. In this regard, one could refer to Law Number 41 of
1999 on Forestry, hereinafter referred to as the 1999 Forestry Law. The Law defines
forests as an ecosystem in the form of landscapes containing biological resources
dominated by trees integrated with its natural environment (the 1999 Forestry Law,
art. 1 point 2).
The 1999 Forestry Law provides several provisions prohibiting certain activities, including illegal logging; forest burning; carrying equipment for logging within
A. G. Wibisana and S. N. Setyorini
as much as 123.41 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Forestry will be responsible for this
activity.
Another example of the mitigation activities within the forestry sector is the development of sustainable agriculture in peatland. It is expected that between 2011
and 2020, sustainable agriculture has been practiced in 325,000 ha of peatlands
in 11 provinces. This activity is also expected to be able to reduce emissions by
103.98 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Agriculture will be the responsible ministry for the
implementation of such sustainable agriculture.
Based on these targets, one could see the importance of peatland protection and
the prevention of wildfires on peatlands to the fulfillment of Indonesia’s emission
reduction target. The needs for peatlands protection and prevention of fires on peatland become even more important after the ratification of the 2015 Paris Agreement.
As stated in the First Nationally Determined Contribution, submitted in November
2016, Indonesia’s emission reduction targets are extended to the post-2020 targets,
that is, the 29% against business-as-usual and 41% with International help in 2030
(Toccani 2016, p. 643).
Indonesia’s Responses to Peatland Degradations
As explained earlier, peatlands degradation has resulted not only from land clearing
and burning activities but also from land conversion from forests into plantations.
Surprisingly, peatlands degradation is very likely to result from both legal and illegal
activities. This section explains how the Indonesian government has responded to
peatland degradation. It seems that the responses for peatland protection can be found
not in forestry provisions, but in environmental management provisions. More importantly, the 2015 forest fires have also boosted the enactment of stricter regulations
related to fire prevention and peatland protection. The provisions concerning peatland
protection and management can be summarized in Table 15.1.
Forestry Law and Forest Protection Regulation in the 2000s:
Business-as-Usual
From a legal point of view, provisions on peatland protection could fall into provisions
within forestry management. In this regard, one could refer to Law Number 41 of
1999 on Forestry, hereinafter referred to as the 1999 Forestry Law. The Law defines
forests as an ecosystem in the form of landscapes containing biological resources
dominated by trees integrated with its natural environment (the 1999 Forestry Law,
art. 1 point 2).
The 1999 Forestry Law provides several provisions prohibiting certain activities, including illegal logging; forest burning; carrying equipment for logging within