15 Peatland Protection in Indonesia: Toward the Right Direction?
305
without LULUCF (LUCF and peat fires) reached 556,728.78 Gg CO 2 e. When the
emissions from the LULUCF sector is accounted for, total GHG emissions increase
to about 1,377,982.95 Gg CO 2 e. The GHG emissions were distributed unevenly
between the three gases recorded, that is, net CO 2 was about 80.8%, methane (CH 4 )
was about 17.2%, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) was 2.0% of the National GHG emissions.
The primary contributors of Indonesia’s emissions are emissions from the LULUCF
sector, energy, wildfires on peatlands, waste, agriculture, and industry (Indonesia’s
Second National Communication of 2011, p. II–3).
Due to its significant contribution to Indonesia’s GHG emissions, it is logical for
the government to put emphasis also on emission reduction from peatlands. One
could see emission reduction target from various sectors in the President Regulation
(PR) Number 61 of 2011 on the National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (hereinafter referred to as the 2011 NAP-GHG). The NAP-GHG should be
read in conjunction with Indonesia’s voluntary emission reduction targets pledged in
2009, that is, emission reduction by 2020 of at least 26% from the business-as-usual
(BAU) level without international support, and up to 41% from the BAU level with
international supports (Moeliono et al. 2014, p. 9).
PR Number 61 of 2011 defines the 2011 NAP-GHG as a working plan to undertake
various activities that will directly or indirectly reduce Indonesia’s GHG emissions
(Art. 1 point 1). The 2011 NAP-GHG consists of various core activities in agriculture,
forestry and peatlands, energy and transportation, industry, waste management, and
various supporting activities (Art. 2). The 2011 NAP-GHG is expected to function
as guidance for relevant ministries and government agencies to plan, implement,
monitor, and evaluate various measures to reduce GHG emissions. It also guides
local governments in formulating regional action plans (PR No. 61 of 2011, Art.
3). In addition, the 2011 NAP-GHG also functions as guidance for the public and
business entities in conducting their plan and implementation activities to reduce
GHG emissions (PR No. 61 of 2011, Art. 4).
Appendix I of the PR provides several action plans in the agricultural, forestry
and peatlands, energy and transportation, industry, and waste management sectors.
The 2011 NAP-GHG in the agricultural sector is directed to reduce 0.008 and 0.011
GtCO 2 e, respectively, for 26 and 41% emission reduction targets. One example of
emission reduction activities in this sector is the transformation of degraded or deforested land into palm oil, rubber, or cacao plantations. The conversion of this land
into plantation is expected to cover an area of 860 thousand hectares for oil palm
plantation and 105 thousand hectares for rubber plantation. The conversion is to
be conducted between 2011 and 2014, in 19 provinces, with an expected emission
reduction of 74.53 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of this conversion
of degraded or deforested land.
The 2011 NAP-GHG in the forestry and peatland sector is expected to reduce 0.672
and 1.039 GtCO 2 e, respectively, for the 26 and 41% emission reduction targets. One
example of mitigation activities in this sector is a plan related to the designation of
forest areas. In this regard, it is expected that from 2010 to 2014 forest boundaries
of 25,000 km should have been established. The establishment of forest boundaries
will be carried out in all provinces, and are expected to result in emission reduction
305
without LULUCF (LUCF and peat fires) reached 556,728.78 Gg CO 2 e. When the
emissions from the LULUCF sector is accounted for, total GHG emissions increase
to about 1,377,982.95 Gg CO 2 e. The GHG emissions were distributed unevenly
between the three gases recorded, that is, net CO 2 was about 80.8%, methane (CH 4 )
was about 17.2%, and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) was 2.0% of the National GHG emissions.
The primary contributors of Indonesia’s emissions are emissions from the LULUCF
sector, energy, wildfires on peatlands, waste, agriculture, and industry (Indonesia’s
Second National Communication of 2011, p. II–3).
Due to its significant contribution to Indonesia’s GHG emissions, it is logical for
the government to put emphasis also on emission reduction from peatlands. One
could see emission reduction target from various sectors in the President Regulation
(PR) Number 61 of 2011 on the National Action Plan on GHG Emission Reduction (hereinafter referred to as the 2011 NAP-GHG). The NAP-GHG should be
read in conjunction with Indonesia’s voluntary emission reduction targets pledged in
2009, that is, emission reduction by 2020 of at least 26% from the business-as-usual
(BAU) level without international support, and up to 41% from the BAU level with
international supports (Moeliono et al. 2014, p. 9).
PR Number 61 of 2011 defines the 2011 NAP-GHG as a working plan to undertake
various activities that will directly or indirectly reduce Indonesia’s GHG emissions
(Art. 1 point 1). The 2011 NAP-GHG consists of various core activities in agriculture,
forestry and peatlands, energy and transportation, industry, waste management, and
various supporting activities (Art. 2). The 2011 NAP-GHG is expected to function
as guidance for relevant ministries and government agencies to plan, implement,
monitor, and evaluate various measures to reduce GHG emissions. It also guides
local governments in formulating regional action plans (PR No. 61 of 2011, Art.
3). In addition, the 2011 NAP-GHG also functions as guidance for the public and
business entities in conducting their plan and implementation activities to reduce
GHG emissions (PR No. 61 of 2011, Art. 4).
Appendix I of the PR provides several action plans in the agricultural, forestry
and peatlands, energy and transportation, industry, and waste management sectors.
The 2011 NAP-GHG in the agricultural sector is directed to reduce 0.008 and 0.011
GtCO 2 e, respectively, for 26 and 41% emission reduction targets. One example of
emission reduction activities in this sector is the transformation of degraded or deforested land into palm oil, rubber, or cacao plantations. The conversion of this land
into plantation is expected to cover an area of 860 thousand hectares for oil palm
plantation and 105 thousand hectares for rubber plantation. The conversion is to
be conducted between 2011 and 2014, in 19 provinces, with an expected emission
reduction of 74.53 MtCO 2 e. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of this conversion
of degraded or deforested land.
The 2011 NAP-GHG in the forestry and peatland sector is expected to reduce 0.672
and 1.039 GtCO 2 e, respectively, for the 26 and 41% emission reduction targets. One
example of mitigation activities in this sector is a plan related to the designation of
forest areas. In this regard, it is expected that from 2010 to 2014 forest boundaries
of 25,000 km should have been established. The establishment of forest boundaries
will be carried out in all provinces, and are expected to result in emission reduction