7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
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An inclusive sustainable development in Indonesia is often called Sustainable
Development of Integrated Coastal Management (SDICM). As stated by Bengen
(2013: 13), it needs to organize a sustainable SDICM program in Indonesia prior
to the above reasons; there are still degradation and depletion of marine resources
in Indonesia. However, coastal communities, especially fishermen, are still poor.
Meanwhile, private investors still derive benefits from marine and coastal resources
that are unsustainable and exclusive. Indonesia still gains momentum when monetary
and economic crises occurred in 1998. Massive reconstruction in coastal areas had
been conducted exclusively in certain sectors, regional and high involvement of
private investors and local people. As a consequence, in coastal areas there are many
development projects that absorb intense capital, for instance, fish farming industries,
tourism resorts, mining sites, seaports, and coastal reclamation. Private investors
still do not consider sustainability aspect and inclusiveness of marine and coastal
ecosystems.
Community participation and accessibility are the most important variables in
inclusive development paradigm. Community participation or public involvement in
marine and coastal development processes is one of the important inclusive developments. As stated by Pollnac et al. (2003) in two different research sites, in Cilacap
Central Java (Coastal Resources Management/CRM) and Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project, and in Bunaken National Park in South Sulawesi
(Natural Resource Management Project/NRMP), he found that stakeholders have
significant roles in participation, planning, and execution of the projects, individually or collaboratively. It leads to main factors in sustainability of SDICM program.
Participation does not stand alone, but it comes from various reasons. Stakeholders
are willing to participate prior to these reasons: (a) benefits they will perceive, (b) the
even distribution among stakeholders, (c) sustainability of benefits after the projects.
Due to stakeholders’ participate in project plan, they feel that they have roles in
creating the project. They also collaborate with community surrounding. As a result,
the community will have sense of belonging to the project. This participation process
will tie a mutual relationship from both parties and the project will be in accordance
with community’s willing. Community participation, planning, and implementation
of the project will result in a further community’s empowerment.
As stated also by Christie (2003), he points out that stakeholders’ support in coastal
areas is an important factor to sustainability of the programs. Conflict of interest, or
even only conflict of perception, among the constituents (fishermen, marine tourism
operators, scholars, government officials, NGO’s, and conservationist) will nurture
dissatisfaction among them if necessary steps are not taken proactively. Dissatisfaction of one or more constituents would threaten the sustainability of SDICM program
because they violate rules and previous agreements. The project outputs of SDICM
from planning and decision making process are in accordance with six parameters of
sustainability as stated by Bengen (2003), as follows: (1) accordance with local policies, formal and informal policy; (2) accordance with social and cultural conditions
of local community; (3) supported by available human resources and institutions; (4)
involvement of active stakeholders; (5) having a clear plan and program; (6) having
benefits to environment, including socio-culture and economy of local community;
141
An inclusive sustainable development in Indonesia is often called Sustainable
Development of Integrated Coastal Management (SDICM). As stated by Bengen
(2013: 13), it needs to organize a sustainable SDICM program in Indonesia prior
to the above reasons; there are still degradation and depletion of marine resources
in Indonesia. However, coastal communities, especially fishermen, are still poor.
Meanwhile, private investors still derive benefits from marine and coastal resources
that are unsustainable and exclusive. Indonesia still gains momentum when monetary
and economic crises occurred in 1998. Massive reconstruction in coastal areas had
been conducted exclusively in certain sectors, regional and high involvement of
private investors and local people. As a consequence, in coastal areas there are many
development projects that absorb intense capital, for instance, fish farming industries,
tourism resorts, mining sites, seaports, and coastal reclamation. Private investors
still do not consider sustainability aspect and inclusiveness of marine and coastal
ecosystems.
Community participation and accessibility are the most important variables in
inclusive development paradigm. Community participation or public involvement in
marine and coastal development processes is one of the important inclusive developments. As stated by Pollnac et al. (2003) in two different research sites, in Cilacap
Central Java (Coastal Resources Management/CRM) and Segara Anakan Conservation and Development Project, and in Bunaken National Park in South Sulawesi
(Natural Resource Management Project/NRMP), he found that stakeholders have
significant roles in participation, planning, and execution of the projects, individually or collaboratively. It leads to main factors in sustainability of SDICM program.
Participation does not stand alone, but it comes from various reasons. Stakeholders
are willing to participate prior to these reasons: (a) benefits they will perceive, (b) the
even distribution among stakeholders, (c) sustainability of benefits after the projects.
Due to stakeholders’ participate in project plan, they feel that they have roles in
creating the project. They also collaborate with community surrounding. As a result,
the community will have sense of belonging to the project. This participation process
will tie a mutual relationship from both parties and the project will be in accordance
with community’s willing. Community participation, planning, and implementation
of the project will result in a further community’s empowerment.
As stated also by Christie (2003), he points out that stakeholders’ support in coastal
areas is an important factor to sustainability of the programs. Conflict of interest, or
even only conflict of perception, among the constituents (fishermen, marine tourism
operators, scholars, government officials, NGO’s, and conservationist) will nurture
dissatisfaction among them if necessary steps are not taken proactively. Dissatisfaction of one or more constituents would threaten the sustainability of SDICM program
because they violate rules and previous agreements. The project outputs of SDICM
from planning and decision making process are in accordance with six parameters of
sustainability as stated by Bengen (2003), as follows: (1) accordance with local policies, formal and informal policy; (2) accordance with social and cultural conditions
of local community; (3) supported by available human resources and institutions; (4)
involvement of active stakeholders; (5) having a clear plan and program; (6) having
benefits to environment, including socio-culture and economy of local community;