7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
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neglected, environmental damage will also become more prevalent. So sustainable
development becomes an important offer to build cities, especially coastal cities.
The implementation of inclusive and sustainable development in Indonesia is
proclaimed globally through the declaration of Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG’s) that is also integrated with economic development, environmental development, and the application of social inclusion. This inclusive development will be
carried out until 2030. SDG’s are a continuation of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG’s) which have been implemented for 15 years (2000–2015). Among
the objectives of the SDG’s are as follows:
– The 8th Goal is aimed at “Enhancing Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth,
Productive and Overall Employment Opportunities, and Decent Work for All”;
– The 9th Goal is “Building Resilient Infrastructure, Enhancing Inclusive and
Sustainable Industries, and Encouraging Innovation”;
– Goal 10th is “Reducing Gaps In Country and Interstate”;
– Goal 11th namely “Making Cities and Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient,
Sustainable;
– Goal 16th, namely “Strengthening an Inclusive and Peaceful Society for Sustainable Development, Providing Access to Justice for All, and Building Effective,
– Accountable and Inclusive Institutions in all Levels” (Warsilah 2018a, b and the
National Development Planning Agency/Bappenas—SDG’s: 2017).
Based on the explanation of Bappenas above (2017), Indonesia should be in the
form of a maritime and archipelagic country, in all municipalities or regencies that
have large coastal areas, should seriously start implementing national planning that
has been outlined by the National Development planning Agency. Denial of the
master plan for sustainable inclusive development is a violation of state law.
Reclamation in Benoa Bali and North Jakarta bay, according to our findings, is
against with principles of United Nations, based on working reports of Informal
Consultation Process on Sea and Law of the Sea in the seventh summit: UNGA,
A/61/56 from July 17, 2006. However, ecosystem approach should refer as follows:
(a) imposing conservation of ecosystem structure, its functions, key process in maintaining ecosystem of good and services; (b) it will be applied on specific geographical
area based on ecological criteria; (c) underlining interaction between human activities and ecosystem and in between ecosystem and inter-ecosystem; (d) considering
various factors beyond management area that affect marine ecosystem in management area; (e) to balance community goals; (f) to create inclusive collaboration with
various stakeholders participation and local community in planning, implementation
and management; (g) referring to best approaches available, including traditional
information, original, scientific that enable to adapt with new knowledge and experiences; (h) to value risks and implementing prudent approaches; (i) to use integrated
decision process and management related to various activities and sectors; (j) to
seek solution of marine ecosystem degradation if possible with revitalization; (k)
to evaluate cumulative impacts and various human activities on marine ecosystem;
(l) to consider ecological perspective, social, cultural, economic, law and technics;
(m) to seek accurate balance between integration, conservation, and sustainable use
137
neglected, environmental damage will also become more prevalent. So sustainable
development becomes an important offer to build cities, especially coastal cities.
The implementation of inclusive and sustainable development in Indonesia is
proclaimed globally through the declaration of Sustainable Development Goals
(SDG’s) that is also integrated with economic development, environmental development, and the application of social inclusion. This inclusive development will be
carried out until 2030. SDG’s are a continuation of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDG’s) which have been implemented for 15 years (2000–2015). Among
the objectives of the SDG’s are as follows:
– The 8th Goal is aimed at “Enhancing Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth,
Productive and Overall Employment Opportunities, and Decent Work for All”;
– The 9th Goal is “Building Resilient Infrastructure, Enhancing Inclusive and
Sustainable Industries, and Encouraging Innovation”;
– Goal 10th is “Reducing Gaps In Country and Interstate”;
– Goal 11th namely “Making Cities and Settlements Inclusive, Safe, Resilient,
Sustainable;
– Goal 16th, namely “Strengthening an Inclusive and Peaceful Society for Sustainable Development, Providing Access to Justice for All, and Building Effective,
– Accountable and Inclusive Institutions in all Levels” (Warsilah 2018a, b and the
National Development Planning Agency/Bappenas—SDG’s: 2017).
Based on the explanation of Bappenas above (2017), Indonesia should be in the
form of a maritime and archipelagic country, in all municipalities or regencies that
have large coastal areas, should seriously start implementing national planning that
has been outlined by the National Development planning Agency. Denial of the
master plan for sustainable inclusive development is a violation of state law.
Reclamation in Benoa Bali and North Jakarta bay, according to our findings, is
against with principles of United Nations, based on working reports of Informal
Consultation Process on Sea and Law of the Sea in the seventh summit: UNGA,
A/61/56 from July 17, 2006. However, ecosystem approach should refer as follows:
(a) imposing conservation of ecosystem structure, its functions, key process in maintaining ecosystem of good and services; (b) it will be applied on specific geographical
area based on ecological criteria; (c) underlining interaction between human activities and ecosystem and in between ecosystem and inter-ecosystem; (d) considering
various factors beyond management area that affect marine ecosystem in management area; (e) to balance community goals; (f) to create inclusive collaboration with
various stakeholders participation and local community in planning, implementation
and management; (g) referring to best approaches available, including traditional
information, original, scientific that enable to adapt with new knowledge and experiences; (h) to value risks and implementing prudent approaches; (i) to use integrated
decision process and management related to various activities and sectors; (j) to
seek solution of marine ecosystem degradation if possible with revitalization; (k)
to evaluate cumulative impacts and various human activities on marine ecosystem;
(l) to consider ecological perspective, social, cultural, economic, law and technics;
(m) to seek accurate balance between integration, conservation, and sustainable use