7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
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place. In the near future, this reclamation plan will replace other tourism destinations
in Bali.
On the other hand, the same study conducted by LIPI and other scholars (2018)
shows that the reclamation project violates local or Adat laws, Balinese cultures,
and Hindu rituals. More than seventy sacred places and Puras are located in reclamation areas. Therefore, modern buildings will replace these sacred places. Another
implication is that Balinese Hindu ceremony will not be taken place easily due to
limited access to privatized coastal areas, for instance, the ceremony of “Ngaben”
or cremation of the dead and the ash of dead body and thrown to nearby seawaters
and “Meulasti” or purification rituals nearby coastal areas. Hindu cannot perform
freely in Puras, a place to worship their Gods. Thus, according to the law of cultural
improvement No. 5 (2007), there is a violation against human rights to impede Hindus
perform rituals or religious activities.
The main problem of coastal areas in Bali and North Jakarta Bay is that reclamation activities have degraded environment and due to the lack of good governance
in the management of coastal areas it leads to environmental degradation. Moreover, several beaches in Bali (in Buleleng and northern coast of Bali) are vulnerable
area to disasters, especially tsunami threats. Anticipation and mitigation are urgently
needed. The progress of development and massive exploitation on nature and environment should be balanced with nature conservation. Pudut, one of islands located
in Benoa bay, is an island that is considered vulnerable to climate change impacts.
However, investors and local government claimed that the reclamation of Benoa
bay is to reduce impacts of disaster instead global climate change, and to revitalize
destruction on coastal areas. Meanwhile, NGOs argued that the Benoa bay plan is
only to gather economic profit in marine tourism industry and making alternative
tourism destination by creating tourism competitiveness and a new tourism icon.
Disagreements occur between investors backed up by the Government and NGO’s
activists: “Investors and local governments claim that the reclamation of Benoa Bay
is to reduce the impact of floods, but not to avoid the impacts of global climate
change, and the reclamation is deliberately carried out to revitalize the damage to
the coastal area”. Meanwhile, NGOs argue that “the reclamation plan in Benoa Bay
is only to collect economic benefits from the marine tourism industry by making an
alternative new tourism destinations without looking at the existing problems”. In
fact, floods have increased since the beginning of degrading the beaches, and local
people as actors in the small tourism industry have been marginalized, making them
worse off in their household economy and they are getting poorer. In addition, life
their religiosity is disturbed, they can no longer pray freely in the temple which is
located in the reclaimed area.
Discussion
In this part of the discussion, the purpose of the exclusive use of the development
paradigm in the governance of coastal areas related to pursue economic growth
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place. In the near future, this reclamation plan will replace other tourism destinations
in Bali.
On the other hand, the same study conducted by LIPI and other scholars (2018)
shows that the reclamation project violates local or Adat laws, Balinese cultures,
and Hindu rituals. More than seventy sacred places and Puras are located in reclamation areas. Therefore, modern buildings will replace these sacred places. Another
implication is that Balinese Hindu ceremony will not be taken place easily due to
limited access to privatized coastal areas, for instance, the ceremony of “Ngaben”
or cremation of the dead and the ash of dead body and thrown to nearby seawaters
and “Meulasti” or purification rituals nearby coastal areas. Hindu cannot perform
freely in Puras, a place to worship their Gods. Thus, according to the law of cultural
improvement No. 5 (2007), there is a violation against human rights to impede Hindus
perform rituals or religious activities.
The main problem of coastal areas in Bali and North Jakarta Bay is that reclamation activities have degraded environment and due to the lack of good governance
in the management of coastal areas it leads to environmental degradation. Moreover, several beaches in Bali (in Buleleng and northern coast of Bali) are vulnerable
area to disasters, especially tsunami threats. Anticipation and mitigation are urgently
needed. The progress of development and massive exploitation on nature and environment should be balanced with nature conservation. Pudut, one of islands located
in Benoa bay, is an island that is considered vulnerable to climate change impacts.
However, investors and local government claimed that the reclamation of Benoa
bay is to reduce impacts of disaster instead global climate change, and to revitalize
destruction on coastal areas. Meanwhile, NGOs argued that the Benoa bay plan is
only to gather economic profit in marine tourism industry and making alternative
tourism destination by creating tourism competitiveness and a new tourism icon.
Disagreements occur between investors backed up by the Government and NGO’s
activists: “Investors and local governments claim that the reclamation of Benoa Bay
is to reduce the impact of floods, but not to avoid the impacts of global climate
change, and the reclamation is deliberately carried out to revitalize the damage to
the coastal area”. Meanwhile, NGOs argue that “the reclamation plan in Benoa Bay
is only to collect economic benefits from the marine tourism industry by making an
alternative new tourism destinations without looking at the existing problems”. In
fact, floods have increased since the beginning of degrading the beaches, and local
people as actors in the small tourism industry have been marginalized, making them
worse off in their household economy and they are getting poorer. In addition, life
their religiosity is disturbed, they can no longer pray freely in the temple which is
located in the reclaimed area.
Discussion
In this part of the discussion, the purpose of the exclusive use of the development
paradigm in the governance of coastal areas related to pursue economic growth