7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
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social exclusion in communities is the absence of social integration among communities. It is showed by the lack of participation, social supports, social networks, isolation, or a closed access to natural resources and policy or regulation on coastal and
marine management (Jehoel-Gijsbers dan Vrooman 2007 in Alkatiri 2018). Another
fact is that these marginalized groups have not been supported by inclusive social
development that should give them opportunities and access to participate as citizens
so their basic rights are fulfilled (Wirutomo 2015; Warsilah 2016).
The power of exclusion, according to Hall et al. (2011), consists of force of power,
force of regulation, force of institution, force of market, legitimation force, and force
of social relation. In context of Benoa and Jakarta bay, the force of power is generally
exercised in the form of power of exclusion on marine and coastal resources. Power
of market that refers to land price is a dominant power in relation with sea access.
Force of market is showed by a push–pull dynamic in relationship between private
investors, central government, and local government.
6 The price of reclamation land
is also a dominant force due to a limited space on mainland and reclamation should
be carried out to build man-made islands for the massive project of superblock or One
Stop Shopping. Strong economic motives have been exercised by investors in the form
of domination over marine and coastal management for the sake of global tourism.
In contrast, local people have inhabited the areas for many generations with unique
socio-cultural values where they built fishermen kampong’s settlements. There are
17,000 fishermen living around Jakarta bay and 1000 fishermen in Benoa bay. On
the other hand, private investors and local government are using legal obligations in
this case to support reclamation activities, including domination over sea access.
Hall et al. (2011) underline that State is the only actor who exercises his power
through violence. According to our findings, it reveals that the police as a part of state
actors act on behalf of a governmental body and exercise their power to social activists
who refuse reclamation activities, including a local representative from Indonesian
Democratic Party (PDI-P) in Benoa district and locals from Adat villages. Now,
they are still arrested by the police. There is also intimidation on many local people
who reject reclamation, for instance, a doctor who was always terrifying during the
interview and he was obliged to report himself every day at a police station. Hence,
violence mechanism is dominant power in reclamation projects, and it soon develops
conflicts between local security officers and local people. However, local movements
against reclamation have been amplified by NGO’s ForBali, Environmental NGO’s
like Walhi, groups of artists, and local elites. They are still struggling to gather
mass for massive demonstration and fight against reclamation. Still, they do not have
military equipments to reach their goals, but they only have words and actions to
express their political protest.
6 There are four artificial islands built in Jakarta bay by private investors. After the cancelation of
reclamation project, reclamation islands are under the authority of Local Government of Jakarta
under Anies Baswedan administration (2017–2021), who replaces previous Governor, Basuki
Tjahaya Purnama. Now, the management of reclamation islands is taken over by ProvinciallyOwned Corporations (BUMD) Jakarta. These four artificial islands however are rented for restaurants. This certainly violates the regulations, and there is not a single attempt to conserve the area
from reclamation projects.
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social exclusion in communities is the absence of social integration among communities. It is showed by the lack of participation, social supports, social networks, isolation, or a closed access to natural resources and policy or regulation on coastal and
marine management (Jehoel-Gijsbers dan Vrooman 2007 in Alkatiri 2018). Another
fact is that these marginalized groups have not been supported by inclusive social
development that should give them opportunities and access to participate as citizens
so their basic rights are fulfilled (Wirutomo 2015; Warsilah 2016).
The power of exclusion, according to Hall et al. (2011), consists of force of power,
force of regulation, force of institution, force of market, legitimation force, and force
of social relation. In context of Benoa and Jakarta bay, the force of power is generally
exercised in the form of power of exclusion on marine and coastal resources. Power
of market that refers to land price is a dominant power in relation with sea access.
Force of market is showed by a push–pull dynamic in relationship between private
investors, central government, and local government.
6 The price of reclamation land
is also a dominant force due to a limited space on mainland and reclamation should
be carried out to build man-made islands for the massive project of superblock or One
Stop Shopping. Strong economic motives have been exercised by investors in the form
of domination over marine and coastal management for the sake of global tourism.
In contrast, local people have inhabited the areas for many generations with unique
socio-cultural values where they built fishermen kampong’s settlements. There are
17,000 fishermen living around Jakarta bay and 1000 fishermen in Benoa bay. On
the other hand, private investors and local government are using legal obligations in
this case to support reclamation activities, including domination over sea access.
Hall et al. (2011) underline that State is the only actor who exercises his power
through violence. According to our findings, it reveals that the police as a part of state
actors act on behalf of a governmental body and exercise their power to social activists
who refuse reclamation activities, including a local representative from Indonesian
Democratic Party (PDI-P) in Benoa district and locals from Adat villages. Now,
they are still arrested by the police. There is also intimidation on many local people
who reject reclamation, for instance, a doctor who was always terrifying during the
interview and he was obliged to report himself every day at a police station. Hence,
violence mechanism is dominant power in reclamation projects, and it soon develops
conflicts between local security officers and local people. However, local movements
against reclamation have been amplified by NGO’s ForBali, Environmental NGO’s
like Walhi, groups of artists, and local elites. They are still struggling to gather
mass for massive demonstration and fight against reclamation. Still, they do not have
military equipments to reach their goals, but they only have words and actions to
express their political protest.
6 There are four artificial islands built in Jakarta bay by private investors. After the cancelation of
reclamation project, reclamation islands are under the authority of Local Government of Jakarta
under Anies Baswedan administration (2017–2021), who replaces previous Governor, Basuki
Tjahaya Purnama. Now, the management of reclamation islands is taken over by ProvinciallyOwned Corporations (BUMD) Jakarta. These four artificial islands however are rented for restaurants. This certainly violates the regulations, and there is not a single attempt to conserve the area
from reclamation projects.