132
H. Warsilah
Reclamation Project: Non-inclusive and Adaptive
Governance in Facing Climate Change
A future of Bali tourism still has clouded with problems. Starting from waste
dumping, 700 Ha land conversion to new buildings each year and coastal reclamation land, now artificial islands had been built for One Stop Shopping areas on the
area reclaimed from the sea. A tourism scholar from Udayana University, I Nyoman
Sunarta,
4 said that Bali still copes with challenges in developing tourism industry.
Tourism has boosted Bali’s economy. On the other hand, there are still problems
ahead. According to him, Bali is famous for its soft-sand white beaches, fertile rice
paddies, Balinese Hindu culture, and a low-cost tourism. This fame attracts more
tourists to Bali. Tourism industry in Bali has progressed ever since and it makes
Bali as one of the favorite tourism destinations in the globe. In 2108, for instance,
six million tourists visit Bali. However, like a saying “tourism is like a swan that
produces not only a golden egg, but tourism also destroys its nest”. Tourism industry
allows accommodation sectors to grow rapidly, and they consume a huge amount of
groundwater. Each room in a hotel consumes 300 L at least per day. He said that
in 2025, it is estimated Bali will face groundwater crisis in future. The average of
700 Ha paddies fields have been converted to hotels and luxury accommodations for
foreigners.
Meanwhile, there is a reclamation plan in Benoa bay that will affect ecological
disasters because it will disturb land and groundwater. Land reclamation is also
equipped with roads and highways in order to connect artificial islands, despite
tourism industry in Bali remained stagnant. Every day, there are 13.000 m
2 of wastes
dumped into the ocean, and only half of them are recycled. Traffic jams are common
in roads due to the rapid growth of vehicles on roads that reaches 13% each year.
Meanwhile, there is only 2.28% of new roads for motorcycles.
5 In reality, wealthy
outsiders have taken Bali’s booming tourism industries, while locals only get a small
portion of it and many work for an income Rp 50.000 per day.
The concept of social exclusion that underlines citizenship topic is fundamental
(Silver 1994; Littlewood; Hera 2016 in Alkatiri 2018). Furthermore, the concept has
been elaborated by (Rodger 1995; Kabeer 2002; Okumu and Bonome 2010 in Alkatiri
2018) that reveals a strong relation between social exclusion and limited access to
natural resources (land, sea, coast, and forest) of certain problematic groups (fishermen, farmers, labors as vulnerable and marginalized groups). Or in a sociological
term they are called marginalized groups due to social exclusion and limitation to have
rights as citizenship, for instance, coastal and marine resources. These resources are
not only source of their livelihood, but it also an important element in social relation
and social integration. To put in context in Benoa and Jakarta bay case, the problem of
4 In-depth interview conducted in June 2018 at Bali.
5 Tempo, 2019: presented in the opening of Future City Summit (FCS) 2019, in Bali Paragon Resort,
Sunday January 13, 2019.
H. Warsilah
Reclamation Project: Non-inclusive and Adaptive
Governance in Facing Climate Change
A future of Bali tourism still has clouded with problems. Starting from waste
dumping, 700 Ha land conversion to new buildings each year and coastal reclamation land, now artificial islands had been built for One Stop Shopping areas on the
area reclaimed from the sea. A tourism scholar from Udayana University, I Nyoman
Sunarta,
4 said that Bali still copes with challenges in developing tourism industry.
Tourism has boosted Bali’s economy. On the other hand, there are still problems
ahead. According to him, Bali is famous for its soft-sand white beaches, fertile rice
paddies, Balinese Hindu culture, and a low-cost tourism. This fame attracts more
tourists to Bali. Tourism industry in Bali has progressed ever since and it makes
Bali as one of the favorite tourism destinations in the globe. In 2108, for instance,
six million tourists visit Bali. However, like a saying “tourism is like a swan that
produces not only a golden egg, but tourism also destroys its nest”. Tourism industry
allows accommodation sectors to grow rapidly, and they consume a huge amount of
groundwater. Each room in a hotel consumes 300 L at least per day. He said that
in 2025, it is estimated Bali will face groundwater crisis in future. The average of
700 Ha paddies fields have been converted to hotels and luxury accommodations for
foreigners.
Meanwhile, there is a reclamation plan in Benoa bay that will affect ecological
disasters because it will disturb land and groundwater. Land reclamation is also
equipped with roads and highways in order to connect artificial islands, despite
tourism industry in Bali remained stagnant. Every day, there are 13.000 m
2 of wastes
dumped into the ocean, and only half of them are recycled. Traffic jams are common
in roads due to the rapid growth of vehicles on roads that reaches 13% each year.
Meanwhile, there is only 2.28% of new roads for motorcycles.
5 In reality, wealthy
outsiders have taken Bali’s booming tourism industries, while locals only get a small
portion of it and many work for an income Rp 50.000 per day.
The concept of social exclusion that underlines citizenship topic is fundamental
(Silver 1994; Littlewood; Hera 2016 in Alkatiri 2018). Furthermore, the concept has
been elaborated by (Rodger 1995; Kabeer 2002; Okumu and Bonome 2010 in Alkatiri
2018) that reveals a strong relation between social exclusion and limited access to
natural resources (land, sea, coast, and forest) of certain problematic groups (fishermen, farmers, labors as vulnerable and marginalized groups). Or in a sociological
term they are called marginalized groups due to social exclusion and limitation to have
rights as citizenship, for instance, coastal and marine resources. These resources are
not only source of their livelihood, but it also an important element in social relation
and social integration. To put in context in Benoa and Jakarta bay case, the problem of
4 In-depth interview conducted in June 2018 at Bali.
5 Tempo, 2019: presented in the opening of Future City Summit (FCS) 2019, in Bali Paragon Resort,
Sunday January 13, 2019.