7 Resilience of Coastal Cities in Facing Climate Change: Reclamation …
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On the other hand, land reclamation activities in coastal areas may have a significant impact when climate change occurs, for instance, the decline of salinity in
Benoa or Jakarta bay due to water-level rises that continuously decrease the amount
of seawater filling the bay during the tides. The scale of coastal reclamation, location,
and its technical operations will significantly cause impacts on coastal areas and its
ecological functions. Hypothetically, ecological impacts on Benoa and Jakarta bay
are inundation and flood risk in hinterland because of backwater effects that can
cause flooding upstream and the loss of ocean functions. Reclamation will also
directly reduce the volume of storage from flooding. Theoretically, if the volume of
water flows is equal and the water storage in the bay is reduced significantly due to
land reclamation, the volume of water in rivers will be inundating low topography
areas and other areas with land subsidence during the tides and when it is raining
(Sudiarta et al. 2016). The land reclamation is expected to cause flood because reclamation transforms coastal landscapes and flows of groundwater in coastal areas.
These changes will also affect the composition of river sediments, tide patterns,
ocean currents along the coastline, and groundwater sources (Hantoro 2002).
It is conceptually said that coastal reclamation and climate change will have a
double impact on the bay area and its surrounding while coastal area are rich in biodiversity. Bay area is generally shallow mud habitat, protected, and important habitat
for mangrove forests. The forests have an important role related to physical aspect,
ecological and economic value. Physically, mangrove forests are coastal protection
from abrasion and it has a filter system to protect coral reefs from destruction, absorb
pollutants from dumping waste, and wastewater from mainland. In regard to disaster
mitigation, the forests can mitigate high waves, storms, even tsunamis due to its
tree structures which act as a protective belt slowing down the wind or high waves.
The large stretches of mangrove have also an important role in urban environmental
planning as a green protective buffer of the city due to its strategic location planted
in the middle of the city. From the ecological perspective, mangrove forests are
planted to maintain biodiversity and productivity in coastal areas and small islands.
Mangrove ecosystem also provides homes for marine resources, shrimps, fish, and
crustaceans. The estuarine ecosystem, mangroves are source of carbon and energy
for phytoplankton and creating a significant role in food web (Sudiarta et al. 2016).
From the socio-ecological aspect, mangrove forests are source of income of many
local fishermen where marine resources are easy to find shrimps, crabs, oysters, and
small fish as a source of their daily meals. Local fishermen also use mangrove forests
as aquaculture that provides breeding and nursery grounds for crabs and prawns with
traditional bamboo floating nets (Warsilah 2018a, b).
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On the other hand, land reclamation activities in coastal areas may have a significant impact when climate change occurs, for instance, the decline of salinity in
Benoa or Jakarta bay due to water-level rises that continuously decrease the amount
of seawater filling the bay during the tides. The scale of coastal reclamation, location,
and its technical operations will significantly cause impacts on coastal areas and its
ecological functions. Hypothetically, ecological impacts on Benoa and Jakarta bay
are inundation and flood risk in hinterland because of backwater effects that can
cause flooding upstream and the loss of ocean functions. Reclamation will also
directly reduce the volume of storage from flooding. Theoretically, if the volume of
water flows is equal and the water storage in the bay is reduced significantly due to
land reclamation, the volume of water in rivers will be inundating low topography
areas and other areas with land subsidence during the tides and when it is raining
(Sudiarta et al. 2016). The land reclamation is expected to cause flood because reclamation transforms coastal landscapes and flows of groundwater in coastal areas.
These changes will also affect the composition of river sediments, tide patterns,
ocean currents along the coastline, and groundwater sources (Hantoro 2002).
It is conceptually said that coastal reclamation and climate change will have a
double impact on the bay area and its surrounding while coastal area are rich in biodiversity. Bay area is generally shallow mud habitat, protected, and important habitat
for mangrove forests. The forests have an important role related to physical aspect,
ecological and economic value. Physically, mangrove forests are coastal protection
from abrasion and it has a filter system to protect coral reefs from destruction, absorb
pollutants from dumping waste, and wastewater from mainland. In regard to disaster
mitigation, the forests can mitigate high waves, storms, even tsunamis due to its
tree structures which act as a protective belt slowing down the wind or high waves.
The large stretches of mangrove have also an important role in urban environmental
planning as a green protective buffer of the city due to its strategic location planted
in the middle of the city. From the ecological perspective, mangrove forests are
planted to maintain biodiversity and productivity in coastal areas and small islands.
Mangrove ecosystem also provides homes for marine resources, shrimps, fish, and
crustaceans. The estuarine ecosystem, mangroves are source of carbon and energy
for phytoplankton and creating a significant role in food web (Sudiarta et al. 2016).
From the socio-ecological aspect, mangrove forests are source of income of many
local fishermen where marine resources are easy to find shrimps, crabs, oysters, and
small fish as a source of their daily meals. Local fishermen also use mangrove forests
as aquaculture that provides breeding and nursery grounds for crabs and prawns with
traditional bamboo floating nets (Warsilah 2018a, b).