Fig. 87
The tax burden has been uneven, with residential
consumers and small and medium-sized businesses
paying a higher price than industrial consumers. . . . . . . . . . 198
Fig. 88
Energy taxes do not align with carbon costs across
sectors and energy carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Fig. 89
Public willingness to participate in the transition remains
high, despite expensive and inefficient energy taxes. . . . . . . 199
Fig. 90
Car tax revenues could fall by up to 50% by 2025 if all
new vehicles are zero emission and current subsidies are
continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fig. 91
Oil and gas revenues have enabled high levels of
government spending and reduced dependence on taxes . . . 201
Fig. 92
Resource rents have been collected mostly by taxing
Equinor and IOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 93
Government grants and subsidies have given wind
energy producers the financial support they needed
to flourish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 94
Government subsidies have supported Danish companies
to become leaders in the manufacture and deployment
of offshore wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Fig. 95
DONG Energy illustrates how a conventional national oil
company can be transformed into a renewable energy
services company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Fig. 96
Government support, together with favourable
geographic and investment conditions, enabled DONG’s
transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Fig. 97
Wind power growth is enabled by utilities enhancing the
operational flexibility of conventional power plants . . . . . . . 205
Fig. 98
CHP plants are incentivised to produce only heat when
electricity prices are low, providing greater flexibility for
wind integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Fig. 99
eV demand has not translated into Norwegian
manufacturing jobs, but China already has an automotive
industry to take advantage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Fig. 100 Oil and gas employment is falling and is expected
to continue to do so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Fig. 101 Denmark’s early adoption of offshore wind has made its
domestic industry globally competitive, creating
more jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 102 The development of wind energy has created sustainable
and high-value jobs in Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 103 Wind jobs are concentrated in less-affluent
rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Fig. 104 The Port of Esbjerg has been dynamic in exploring
synergies between conventional and renewable energy
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
xxiv
List of Figures
xxiv
The tax burden has been uneven, with residential
consumers and small and medium-sized businesses
paying a higher price than industrial consumers. . . . . . . . . . 198
Fig. 88
Energy taxes do not align with carbon costs across
sectors and energy carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Fig. 89
Public willingness to participate in the transition remains
high, despite expensive and inefficient energy taxes. . . . . . . 199
Fig. 90
Car tax revenues could fall by up to 50% by 2025 if all
new vehicles are zero emission and current subsidies are
continued . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Fig. 91
Oil and gas revenues have enabled high levels of
government spending and reduced dependence on taxes . . . 201
Fig. 92
Resource rents have been collected mostly by taxing
Equinor and IOCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 93
Government grants and subsidies have given wind
energy producers the financial support they needed
to flourish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Fig. 94
Government subsidies have supported Danish companies
to become leaders in the manufacture and deployment
of offshore wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Fig. 95
DONG Energy illustrates how a conventional national oil
company can be transformed into a renewable energy
services company . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Fig. 96
Government support, together with favourable
geographic and investment conditions, enabled DONG’s
transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Fig. 97
Wind power growth is enabled by utilities enhancing the
operational flexibility of conventional power plants . . . . . . . 205
Fig. 98
CHP plants are incentivised to produce only heat when
electricity prices are low, providing greater flexibility for
wind integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Fig. 99
eV demand has not translated into Norwegian
manufacturing jobs, but China already has an automotive
industry to take advantage of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Fig. 100 Oil and gas employment is falling and is expected
to continue to do so . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
Fig. 101 Denmark’s early adoption of offshore wind has made its
domestic industry globally competitive, creating
more jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 102 The development of wind energy has created sustainable
and high-value jobs in Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Fig. 103 Wind jobs are concentrated in less-affluent
rural areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Fig. 104 The Port of Esbjerg has been dynamic in exploring
synergies between conventional and renewable energy
systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
xxiv
List of Figures
xxiv