Fig. 67
U.S. DOE Mid-Century Strategy scenario, electricity
and transport energy projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fig. 68
Growing oil demand in emerging economies . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fig. 69
Renewables share of power generation and by region . . . . . 184
Fig. 70
Renewables growth is driven by increasing
competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fig. 71
Electric vehicle sales projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fig. 72
CO 2 emissions for GDP/per capita for
different countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 73
Levelised cost projections by technology, 2022
(in 2016 $ per megawatt-hour). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 74
Building sector on-site generating capacity
in gigawatts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 75
Projected sales of new light-duty electric vehicles
in thousands of vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 76
Projected stock of electric vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Fig. 77
Norway is one of the largest producers of hydrocarbons,
yet consumes green energy and is a leader in dealing
with climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fig. 78
The most recent example of Norway’s commitment to
decarbonisation is its reduction of transport emissions,
driven by an unrivalled uptake of fully battery-powered
electric vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fig. 79
Denmark is a world leader in integrating offshore wind
into its electricity system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fig. 80
Interconnectors with neighbouring countries provide
energy security supply while reducing the need for
investment in energy storage facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Fig. 81
Technological advances and government initiatives have
made electric vehicles ever more attractive since
the 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fig. 82
Norway’s policies made EVs price-competitive with
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, which
are heavily taxed in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fig. 83
Falling battery costs reduce the need for subsidies, which
increases demand as batteries make up one-third
of EV costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Fig. 84
Uptake of EVs has reduced carbon emissions because
Norway has a low-carbon, hydropower-based electricity
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Fig. 85
Norwegian policies have unequally favoured cities,
where EVs are more practical and in-kind subsidies are
more valuable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Fig. 86
Denmark’s wind transition has been financed by taxing
energy, but is supported by security concerns and a
pro-climate movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
List of Figures
xxiii xxiii
U.S. DOE Mid-Century Strategy scenario, electricity
and transport energy projections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fig. 68
Growing oil demand in emerging economies . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Fig. 69
Renewables share of power generation and by region . . . . . 184
Fig. 70
Renewables growth is driven by increasing
competitiveness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fig. 71
Electric vehicle sales projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Fig. 72
CO 2 emissions for GDP/per capita for
different countries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 73
Levelised cost projections by technology, 2022
(in 2016 $ per megawatt-hour). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
Fig. 74
Building sector on-site generating capacity
in gigawatts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 75
Projected sales of new light-duty electric vehicles
in thousands of vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 76
Projected stock of electric vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Fig. 77
Norway is one of the largest producers of hydrocarbons,
yet consumes green energy and is a leader in dealing
with climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fig. 78
The most recent example of Norway’s commitment to
decarbonisation is its reduction of transport emissions,
driven by an unrivalled uptake of fully battery-powered
electric vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fig. 79
Denmark is a world leader in integrating offshore wind
into its electricity system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Fig. 80
Interconnectors with neighbouring countries provide
energy security supply while reducing the need for
investment in energy storage facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
Fig. 81
Technological advances and government initiatives have
made electric vehicles ever more attractive since
the 1990s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fig. 82
Norway’s policies made EVs price-competitive with
conventional internal combustion engine vehicles, which
are heavily taxed in Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Fig. 83
Falling battery costs reduce the need for subsidies, which
increases demand as batteries make up one-third
of EV costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Fig. 84
Uptake of EVs has reduced carbon emissions because
Norway has a low-carbon, hydropower-based electricity
system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Fig. 85
Norwegian policies have unequally favoured cities,
where EVs are more practical and in-kind subsidies are
more valuable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Fig. 86
Denmark’s wind transition has been financed by taxing
energy, but is supported by security concerns and a
pro-climate movement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
List of Figures
xxiii xxiii