Fig. 35
A coordinated approach can ensure efficient investment
in electricity system resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Fig. 36
A microgrid contains generation and flexible resources,
as well as sources of electricity demand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Fig. 37
Structure of the Chinese electricity system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Fig. 38
The US transmission system is segmented into several
regional transmission networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Fig. 39
Structure of FERC’s standard market design . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Fig. 40
Structure of PJM’s electricity system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Fig. 41
Structure of the Great Britain electricity system . . . . . . . . . . 114
Fig. 42
Structure of the German electricity system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Fig. 43
Structure of the Australian electricity system . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Fig. 44
Forecast trend of China’s total population
and population aging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Fig. 45
Comparison of residential floor space per person
in selected countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Fig. 46
China’s floor space predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Fig. 47
Trends in China’s major manufacturing sectors . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fig. 48
Energy consumption in Chinese agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Fig. 49
Energy consumption in industry and buildings. . . . . . . . . . . 137
Fig. 50
China’s energy consumption in transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Fig. 51
China’s energy consumption in the service sector . . . . . . . . 138
Fig. 52
China’s energy consumption by households. . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Fig. 53
China’s overall energy use by sector and type . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Fig. 54
China’s use of scattered coal by sector in 2015 . . . . . . . . . . 141
Fig. 55
China’s scattered coal consumption in three SEGFSC
scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Fig. 56
China’s total energy use by vehicles in two EV
development scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Fig. 57
China’s total power consumption in three scenarios. . . . . . . 146
Fig. 58
China’s total primary energy demand and share
of non-fossil energy in three scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Fig. 59
China’s primary energy supply system in the
Recommended scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Fig. 60
China’s end-user energy system in the Recommended
scenario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Fig. 61
Employment trend in the energy industry
in the Recommended scenario (in 100,000) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Fig. 62
Channels to address surplus worker reemployment . . . . . . . 179
Fig. 63
Energy consumption (Reference case) in quadrillion
British thermal units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Fig. 64
Energy production (Reference case) in quadrillion
British thermal units. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Fig. 65
Renewable electricity generation (Reference case)
in billion kilowatt-hours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Fig. 66
Energy-related CO 2 emissions in billion metric tonnes
of CO 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
xxii
List of Figures
xxii