8 Ship Crash Prevention Toward Oil Spill Incidents
71
E. Ship Design
Ship design is known as a complicated effort involving the efficient direction of
numerous subjects, of equally technical and non-technical description, and individual
specialists disembark at significant design results [23]. The design of the ship or vessel
is important [23]. The Oil Pollution Act 1990 [OPA 1990] and the International
Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships [MARPOL] have included a hull
configuration of oil tankers. OPA 1990 and MARPOL 1973/1978 discussed the
double hull as essential in avoiding oil spills [24], highlighting the construction
of a vessel with double hulls concerning the costs. The benefit of building double
hulls includes a decrease in the oil spill. The drawback of building this double hull
involves cost force for the construction and operation costs of double hulls. The need
for building the double hulls have expanded even not all parties agree as it requires
a supplementary cost in improving this double hulls design.
8.3 Methodology
A. Survey Method
This research involved the questionnaire dissemination method. The closed-ended
questionnaires were circulated among respondents. A pilot test has been performed
to verify the validity, reliability, and insight into the questions. The questionnaires
contained four sections such as Section A: for detailed information of respondents
which consists of general information such as gender, age, working experiences, and
current position in the company. Meanwhile for Section B: covers on the two elements
of the precaution steps in preventing ship collisions. A Likert scale of 1–5, which
implies: 1—strongly disagree, 2—disagree, 3—neutral, 4—agree and 5—strongly
agree, was used to express opinion among respondents to the desired questions [25].
The Likert scale questionnaire was established in 1932 [26] to evaluate viewpoints
and the standard Likert scale is 5 or 7 points ordinal magnitude utilized by respondents
to measure the extent to which they reach an agreement or argue with a report [27].
The questionnaire consists of 22 items, at which 11 items were used to measure the
ship operations and 11 items to measure the ship design.
B. Population, Sample, and Respondents
The sample for this research contains 70 individuals, which covered staff at one
port, former experienced staff in the oil spill, and nearby residents at the related
port. The sample was derived utilizing descriptive research for the sample, which
has to be between 10 and 20% from the total population [28]. 70 questionnaires were
delivered, and 53 responses obtained. The total response rate was 75.71%. Meanwhile, 17 respondents or 24.29% of respondents were unsuccessful to return within
the required questionnaire dissemination were not available during the distribution
of the questionnaire. The breakdown is shown in Table 8.4 and the summary of the
respondents is given in Table 8.6, respectively.
71
E. Ship Design
Ship design is known as a complicated effort involving the efficient direction of
numerous subjects, of equally technical and non-technical description, and individual
specialists disembark at significant design results [23]. The design of the ship or vessel
is important [23]. The Oil Pollution Act 1990 [OPA 1990] and the International
Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships [MARPOL] have included a hull
configuration of oil tankers. OPA 1990 and MARPOL 1973/1978 discussed the
double hull as essential in avoiding oil spills [24], highlighting the construction
of a vessel with double hulls concerning the costs. The benefit of building double
hulls includes a decrease in the oil spill. The drawback of building this double hull
involves cost force for the construction and operation costs of double hulls. The need
for building the double hulls have expanded even not all parties agree as it requires
a supplementary cost in improving this double hulls design.
8.3 Methodology
A. Survey Method
This research involved the questionnaire dissemination method. The closed-ended
questionnaires were circulated among respondents. A pilot test has been performed
to verify the validity, reliability, and insight into the questions. The questionnaires
contained four sections such as Section A: for detailed information of respondents
which consists of general information such as gender, age, working experiences, and
current position in the company. Meanwhile for Section B: covers on the two elements
of the precaution steps in preventing ship collisions. A Likert scale of 1–5, which
implies: 1—strongly disagree, 2—disagree, 3—neutral, 4—agree and 5—strongly
agree, was used to express opinion among respondents to the desired questions [25].
The Likert scale questionnaire was established in 1932 [26] to evaluate viewpoints
and the standard Likert scale is 5 or 7 points ordinal magnitude utilized by respondents
to measure the extent to which they reach an agreement or argue with a report [27].
The questionnaire consists of 22 items, at which 11 items were used to measure the
ship operations and 11 items to measure the ship design.
B. Population, Sample, and Respondents
The sample for this research contains 70 individuals, which covered staff at one
port, former experienced staff in the oil spill, and nearby residents at the related
port. The sample was derived utilizing descriptive research for the sample, which
has to be between 10 and 20% from the total population [28]. 70 questionnaires were
delivered, and 53 responses obtained. The total response rate was 75.71%. Meanwhile, 17 respondents or 24.29% of respondents were unsuccessful to return within
the required questionnaire dissemination were not available during the distribution
of the questionnaire. The breakdown is shown in Table 8.4 and the summary of the
respondents is given in Table 8.6, respectively.