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I. C. Ishak et al.
technical errors or human errors [10–12]. The technical error involves machinery
or equipment, the fitness for service [FFS] of the fire-damage pressure vessel [13].
Meanwhile, the human error encompasses fatigue among crews, and ergonomic
challenges from tons of work onboard and unsafe behavior [14]. It also could happen
due to problems of vessel situation, ocean/coast environment, human errors, and
emergency mechanisms [15]. The oil spill triggers detriment to several groups since
the oil spill is able to circulate in a quick period due to added factor. There are
several factors which affect the oil spill such as wind velocity, sea condition, current
and tides, temperature, and atmospheric conditions [16]. Oil spill creates and it has
threatened the side of the ocean and marine life. The spilled oil covers chemical
ingredients that trigger destructiveness to life and human life. Several varieties of
aquatic life are vulnerable when intermingling with spilled oil [17]. Once the oil
pollutes the ocean, marine life could perish due to pollution. It also provides a long
impact to the economy, human health, wildlife, marine ecosystem, marine animal,
plant life, local industries, vegetation, and mangrove [10–12, 15, 18–20].
C. Ship Collision
A ship collision is the main type of marine accident [19]. Generally, the ship crash
contains two substances either one a smacked vessel and a crashing object or two
vessels crash to each other [21]. The crash is described as either one top-on or a
side crash; the basic response varies significantly on comparative stance [21]. There
are several factors related to shipping collisions. The factors are: (a) the property
of crash: crash with a firm body, offshore platforms, or alternative vessels; (b) the
power of the crash: speediness, dislocation, bow ship, draft, and comparative of the
crashing vessels, (c) state of uncovered vessels: dislocation, draft, speediness, and
comparative azimuth, (d) environmental circumstances: wind, waves, and current,
and (e) volume of vessels construction in allowing the crash [21]. It is also known
as the ship being surpassed by an additional vessel on a parallel track. The duration
of the period for which a ship is subjected to risk and the possibility of a collision
through a surpassing confront is also important. At sea in fog, ships frequently surpass
severely close and this could lead to ship collision [21].
D. Skip Operation
Several factors lead to ship collision from ship operations. The specific effect
weight shall be considered as the effect load instigated by an involuntary crash by the
highest permitted service vessel in everyday business (9). Alternatively, the ship crash
probability is due to (a) competency defects of the crew, (b) observation carelessness,
(c) nonuse or improper use of the radar, (d) improper use due to dependency on VHF,
(e) wrong judgment of the situation, (f) too few duty crew members to deal with
the current situation, (g) ship occupies other ships’ courses, (h) breaking local or
international collision avoidance rules, (i) slow avoidance, (j) operation errors of the
pilot, (k) sudden electric cutoff of rudder gear or the main engine, (l) abnormal off
course environment or natural environment, and (m) chaotic traffic condition [22].
I. C. Ishak et al.
technical errors or human errors [10–12]. The technical error involves machinery
or equipment, the fitness for service [FFS] of the fire-damage pressure vessel [13].
Meanwhile, the human error encompasses fatigue among crews, and ergonomic
challenges from tons of work onboard and unsafe behavior [14]. It also could happen
due to problems of vessel situation, ocean/coast environment, human errors, and
emergency mechanisms [15]. The oil spill triggers detriment to several groups since
the oil spill is able to circulate in a quick period due to added factor. There are
several factors which affect the oil spill such as wind velocity, sea condition, current
and tides, temperature, and atmospheric conditions [16]. Oil spill creates and it has
threatened the side of the ocean and marine life. The spilled oil covers chemical
ingredients that trigger destructiveness to life and human life. Several varieties of
aquatic life are vulnerable when intermingling with spilled oil [17]. Once the oil
pollutes the ocean, marine life could perish due to pollution. It also provides a long
impact to the economy, human health, wildlife, marine ecosystem, marine animal,
plant life, local industries, vegetation, and mangrove [10–12, 15, 18–20].
C. Ship Collision
A ship collision is the main type of marine accident [19]. Generally, the ship crash
contains two substances either one a smacked vessel and a crashing object or two
vessels crash to each other [21]. The crash is described as either one top-on or a
side crash; the basic response varies significantly on comparative stance [21]. There
are several factors related to shipping collisions. The factors are: (a) the property
of crash: crash with a firm body, offshore platforms, or alternative vessels; (b) the
power of the crash: speediness, dislocation, bow ship, draft, and comparative of the
crashing vessels, (c) state of uncovered vessels: dislocation, draft, speediness, and
comparative azimuth, (d) environmental circumstances: wind, waves, and current,
and (e) volume of vessels construction in allowing the crash [21]. It is also known
as the ship being surpassed by an additional vessel on a parallel track. The duration
of the period for which a ship is subjected to risk and the possibility of a collision
through a surpassing confront is also important. At sea in fog, ships frequently surpass
severely close and this could lead to ship collision [21].
D. Skip Operation
Several factors lead to ship collision from ship operations. The specific effect
weight shall be considered as the effect load instigated by an involuntary crash by the
highest permitted service vessel in everyday business (9). Alternatively, the ship crash
probability is due to (a) competency defects of the crew, (b) observation carelessness,
(c) nonuse or improper use of the radar, (d) improper use due to dependency on VHF,
(e) wrong judgment of the situation, (f) too few duty crew members to deal with
the current situation, (g) ship occupies other ships’ courses, (h) breaking local or
international collision avoidance rules, (i) slow avoidance, (j) operation errors of the
pilot, (k) sudden electric cutoff of rudder gear or the main engine, (l) abnormal off
course environment or natural environment, and (m) chaotic traffic condition [22].