8 Ship Crash Prevention Toward Oil Spill Incidents
69
human society [7]. The oil spill occurred due to the negligence of human error or
technical error [8].
8.2 Literature Review
A. Cases of Oil Spill Incidents at Johor
There are 73 oil spill cases that happened in Malaysia from 2014 to 2017 as shown
in Table 8.1 [3]. Out of 73 cases mostly happened at Johor by 24 cases as shown in
Table 8.2. Meanwhile, the causes were from several factors such as unknown sources,
ship collision, releasing the oil to the sea, the problem of engine oil, pipeline leakage,
loading and unloading activity, oil digging, shipwreck, and cutting activity of vessels.
The oil spill incidents at Johor were declared for tier 1 and tier 2 levels. It has reported
6 cases that happened due to ship collision as shown in Table 8.3.
Oil spill incidents occurred at several places such as (a) Pelabuhan Tanjung
Pelepas, (b) Kampong Tanjung Buai, Kota Tinggi, (c) Pengerang Terminal, Kota
Tinggi, (d) Sungai Buntu, Pengerang, (e) Pengerang Kota Tinggi, (f) Jetty 4 ATT
Tanjung Bin, (g) Horshburgh, Pulau Batu Putih, (h) Tanjung Piai, Pontian, (i) Bandar
Penawar Kota Tinggi, (j) Perairan Tanjung Piai, (k) Terminal ATB, Sungai Pulai, (l)
Pulau Tengah Mersing, (m) Pelabuhan Pasir Gudang, (n) Pulau Pemanggil, Mersing,
(o) Rapid Pengerang, (p) Timur Laut Tompok Utara, Johor Timur, and (q) Parit Jawa,
Muar [3].
B. Oil Spills Factors
The oil spill occurs either intentionally or accidentally and affects many areas
and parties. Most of the cases of marine environments are made by humans either
intentionally or unintentionally [9]. The existence of the oil spill happened due to
Table 8.1 The oil spill cases in Malaysia waters form 2014 to 2017 [3]
Year
2017
2016
2015
2014
Total
No of cases
16
15
20
22
73
Table 8.2 Summary of oil spill cases at Johor state form 2014 to 2017 [3]
Year
2014
2015
2016
2017
Total
No of cases
6
4
9
15
24
Table 8.3 The ship collision incidents for Malaysia from 2014 to 2017 [3]
Causes
2014
2015
2016
2017
Total
Ship collision
3
1
0
2
6