21 Green Port Indicators: A Review
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monitoring the wildlife by tracking several indicators of habitat quality including
the abundance of birds and the number of fish species found in the harbour during
periodic biological surveys. Hence, ports also have to plan for restoration programs
for rehabilitation area and should conduct a biological periodic survey after every
construction. Third, the water quality needs to be measured by its own parameters
for water quality study. Fourth, the community relation for sustainable environment
must be improved in order to complete for EIA. Public broadcasting can be used
as a channel to gain awareness for the public on the protection of the environment.
Managing waste material by recycling and reuse is also important as another strategy
to protect the ecological environment. Finally, sustainability should be adopted as
a new concept to reduce pollution through the recycling method. According to [5],
the green port concept will contribute towards the concept of sustainable development, which means a port development that meets the needs of the present and
future generations. They espouse efficiency of resources, low emission of dusts and
other harmful substances, low emission of noise and economy of land use as the
contributors to green ports. Additionally, they propose eight important assumptions
to achieve a sustainable port concept as addressed in Table 21.1. Meanwhile [2]
utilised the drivers, pressures, states, impacts and responses (DPSIR) framework
to integrate different perspectives on environmental, social and economic issues in
their study on green port. In addressing the pressures on green ports, they argue
that dust pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution and noise pollution are the
main stress inflicted by ports daily operations [2]. Therefore, in order to identify the
pressures, ports must be able to identify volume of waste gas emission involving
SO 2 , NO x and inhalable particles. Similarly, volume of waste water discharge per
throughput, amount of solid waste residual per throughput and average noise level
of port need to be considered [2].
A more recent study by [24], propose the environmental performance indicators
(EPIs) to access to the environmental aspect of a container seaport through their
evaluation of Laem Chabang port in Thailand. According to the authors, green port
becomes a trendy seaport activity, and EPIs are important for the assessment of
environmental criteria. The authors propose several green port indicators by applying
the entropy method in support of the efforts by the Port Authority of Thailand in
promoting green ports. The top five indicators are total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
in wastewater, chromium in soil and sediment, total suspended particles (TSP) in
the air, phytoplankton biodiversity and zooplankton biodiversity. The authors argue
that the EPIs can be used as a tool for green port evaluation that could be applied
not only to Laem Chabang port but also to any container port that is interested in
achieving the green port status [24]. Additionally, [1] in their examination of green
port practices by the port of Bremen and the main ports of West Africa shortlisted
12 green practices implemented by the ports as highlighted in Table 21.1. In their
study on the challenges faced by cruise ports, [25] identified waste management and
various forms of emissions that include air and noise since cruise ships are large
emitters due to their large hoteling loads. Therefore, they espouse on the concept of
cold ironing, utilisation of diesel oil to replace heavy fuel oil, renewal energy sources
245
monitoring the wildlife by tracking several indicators of habitat quality including
the abundance of birds and the number of fish species found in the harbour during
periodic biological surveys. Hence, ports also have to plan for restoration programs
for rehabilitation area and should conduct a biological periodic survey after every
construction. Third, the water quality needs to be measured by its own parameters
for water quality study. Fourth, the community relation for sustainable environment
must be improved in order to complete for EIA. Public broadcasting can be used
as a channel to gain awareness for the public on the protection of the environment.
Managing waste material by recycling and reuse is also important as another strategy
to protect the ecological environment. Finally, sustainability should be adopted as
a new concept to reduce pollution through the recycling method. According to [5],
the green port concept will contribute towards the concept of sustainable development, which means a port development that meets the needs of the present and
future generations. They espouse efficiency of resources, low emission of dusts and
other harmful substances, low emission of noise and economy of land use as the
contributors to green ports. Additionally, they propose eight important assumptions
to achieve a sustainable port concept as addressed in Table 21.1. Meanwhile [2]
utilised the drivers, pressures, states, impacts and responses (DPSIR) framework
to integrate different perspectives on environmental, social and economic issues in
their study on green port. In addressing the pressures on green ports, they argue
that dust pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution and noise pollution are the
main stress inflicted by ports daily operations [2]. Therefore, in order to identify the
pressures, ports must be able to identify volume of waste gas emission involving
SO 2 , NO x and inhalable particles. Similarly, volume of waste water discharge per
throughput, amount of solid waste residual per throughput and average noise level
of port need to be considered [2].
A more recent study by [24], propose the environmental performance indicators
(EPIs) to access to the environmental aspect of a container seaport through their
evaluation of Laem Chabang port in Thailand. According to the authors, green port
becomes a trendy seaport activity, and EPIs are important for the assessment of
environmental criteria. The authors propose several green port indicators by applying
the entropy method in support of the efforts by the Port Authority of Thailand in
promoting green ports. The top five indicators are total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)
in wastewater, chromium in soil and sediment, total suspended particles (TSP) in
the air, phytoplankton biodiversity and zooplankton biodiversity. The authors argue
that the EPIs can be used as a tool for green port evaluation that could be applied
not only to Laem Chabang port but also to any container port that is interested in
achieving the green port status [24]. Additionally, [1] in their examination of green
port practices by the port of Bremen and the main ports of West Africa shortlisted
12 green practices implemented by the ports as highlighted in Table 21.1. In their
study on the challenges faced by cruise ports, [25] identified waste management and
various forms of emissions that include air and noise since cruise ships are large
emitters due to their large hoteling loads. Therefore, they espouse on the concept of
cold ironing, utilisation of diesel oil to replace heavy fuel oil, renewal energy sources