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A. M. Arof et al.
Authors of the study [9] have listed 21 indicators for green performance evaluation
with six sections, which are liquid pollution management air pollution management,
noise control, low carbon and energy saving, marine biology preservation and organisation and management for three major China’s ports. Among the 21 indicators are a
fuel spilling contingency plan, sewage treatment, hazard waste management, ballast
water polluting control and waste dumpling management. They are followed by dust
control and encouraging use of low-sulphur fuel, cold ironing, regulation on the
emissions of toxic gas, annual plan for air pollution management, reducing noise
and vibration from cargo handling, equipment and the vessels and using renewable
energy resources such as solar heat and wind power. Additionally, using substitute
energy and energy-saving devices, applying new energy-saving working processes,
using on deck power, port entrance sediment and coastal erosion control, wetland and
marine habitat preservation, training or education for employee at working level, good
communication with the local government, establishing managerial organisation for
green port development, and finally regular and exclusive budgets for green port
performance. Recent studies indicate that government guidelines in terms of training
and education are the most significant and essential components to evaluate the green
port performance. The problems are lack of access to collect data from the ports and
also information on guidelines of green port criteria evaluation for becoming “green”.
Hence, the ports have to get a better understanding on the method to implement a
comprehensive approach for Chinese port sustainability practices to improve green
performance. Government can take initiatives to promote sustainability by allocating
special grants and funds to encourage and motivate Chinese ports for better green
performance [9].
According to [21], in their study involving the handling of bulk cargo, the use
of technological measure for prevention of the dust emanation during dust material
transportation is unavoidable. Dust prevention by perforated wind dust screens is
used in Canada, China and several other countries. Depending on the direction of
the wind, it functions as wind protection when located upwind from the stack, whilst
it functions as dust prevention when located downwind from the stack [21]. The
dust problem can also be reduced by using standard container for handling bulk
cargo. The box type bulk cargo handling reduces missing cargo compared to open
storage. Five indicators are proposed for green operations in dry bulk terminals,
namely treat dust production materials at dispatch point with special liquid solutions,
watering stacks at open handling points of materials, frequent dust removing and
area cleaning, installing wind dust protection screen at port area and container cargo
handling system of delivery materials [21]. Additionally, author of [22] in their study
on toxic air pollution in United States’ 20 biggest container ports discovered many
challenges in the measuring port efficiency due to the heterogeneity characteristics
of port activities. They argued that although ships are becoming more efficient, they
are the largest in port source of toxic air pollution contributing about 70% of sulphur
oxide (SO x ) and 50% of PM [22]. Author of [23] espouse six green port concepts
based on their study on six ports in Turkey, Europe and the United States.
The first concept is air quality that aims to reduce air pollution and improve the
air quality at the port areas by using the shore electricity as power source. Next is
A. M. Arof et al.
Authors of the study [9] have listed 21 indicators for green performance evaluation
with six sections, which are liquid pollution management air pollution management,
noise control, low carbon and energy saving, marine biology preservation and organisation and management for three major China’s ports. Among the 21 indicators are a
fuel spilling contingency plan, sewage treatment, hazard waste management, ballast
water polluting control and waste dumpling management. They are followed by dust
control and encouraging use of low-sulphur fuel, cold ironing, regulation on the
emissions of toxic gas, annual plan for air pollution management, reducing noise
and vibration from cargo handling, equipment and the vessels and using renewable
energy resources such as solar heat and wind power. Additionally, using substitute
energy and energy-saving devices, applying new energy-saving working processes,
using on deck power, port entrance sediment and coastal erosion control, wetland and
marine habitat preservation, training or education for employee at working level, good
communication with the local government, establishing managerial organisation for
green port development, and finally regular and exclusive budgets for green port
performance. Recent studies indicate that government guidelines in terms of training
and education are the most significant and essential components to evaluate the green
port performance. The problems are lack of access to collect data from the ports and
also information on guidelines of green port criteria evaluation for becoming “green”.
Hence, the ports have to get a better understanding on the method to implement a
comprehensive approach for Chinese port sustainability practices to improve green
performance. Government can take initiatives to promote sustainability by allocating
special grants and funds to encourage and motivate Chinese ports for better green
performance [9].
According to [21], in their study involving the handling of bulk cargo, the use
of technological measure for prevention of the dust emanation during dust material
transportation is unavoidable. Dust prevention by perforated wind dust screens is
used in Canada, China and several other countries. Depending on the direction of
the wind, it functions as wind protection when located upwind from the stack, whilst
it functions as dust prevention when located downwind from the stack [21]. The
dust problem can also be reduced by using standard container for handling bulk
cargo. The box type bulk cargo handling reduces missing cargo compared to open
storage. Five indicators are proposed for green operations in dry bulk terminals,
namely treat dust production materials at dispatch point with special liquid solutions,
watering stacks at open handling points of materials, frequent dust removing and
area cleaning, installing wind dust protection screen at port area and container cargo
handling system of delivery materials [21]. Additionally, author of [22] in their study
on toxic air pollution in United States’ 20 biggest container ports discovered many
challenges in the measuring port efficiency due to the heterogeneity characteristics
of port activities. They argued that although ships are becoming more efficient, they
are the largest in port source of toxic air pollution contributing about 70% of sulphur
oxide (SO x ) and 50% of PM [22]. Author of [23] espouse six green port concepts
based on their study on six ports in Turkey, Europe and the United States.
The first concept is air quality that aims to reduce air pollution and improve the
air quality at the port areas by using the shore electricity as power source. Next is