21 Green Port Indicators: A Review
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with shipping companies for environmental issues is necessary. Port expansions activities should consider sustainable projects with urban authorities to evaluate projects
and effects on inhabitants around the ports area. Internal social programs proposed
are employee welfare, education and training for management that are related to
reduction of potentially damage environmental practices and lead for environmental
performance improvement [17].
According to [18] in their study involving Brazilian public ports, there are four
main innovations in port environmental management. The first is cooperation with
external parties such as UNESCO and specialised companies. The second innovation
is improving the internal pipeline of the port, followed by marine biology preservation at port entrance sediment and coastal erosion control, as well as wetland
and marine habitat preservation in the port area. The fourth factor is organisation and
management training or education for employees and working level, good communication with the local government, establishing managerial organisation for green port
development and regular and exclusive budgets for green port performance [18]. On
the other hand, author of [19] conducted a review on 18 articles involving green port
and condensed green port performance criteria into five groups namely air pollution management, liquid pollution management, solid waste and other pollutants
management, aesthetic and noise control management, and lastly marine biological
preservation.
In a research done by [6], the modernisation of the waste management system is
one of the methods to develop a green port. Examples of green measures mentioned
by the researchers are the use of renewable energy for port operations and activities;
recycling and reuse of materials; implementation of policies similar to the reduction of the emissions of harmful substances; and landscape design of a port, which
includes the plantation of trees to absorb noise and pollution. It has also been argued
that the importance of open discussions such as forums with environmental organisations related to environmental activities in order to obtain efficient, high quality
guidelines and management recommendations. Moreover, the researchers suggest
to establish networking among the ports to exchange experience and knowledge
regarding green development. The researchers utilised the qualitative content analysis method to complete their research [6]. Additionally, author of [20], argued that
environmental aspects play a vital role for ports as they can gain support from the
community and attract trading partners and potential investors. They suggested three
approaches to reduce maritime GHG, namely through technical measures, marketbased instruments measures and operation options measures. The researchers also
argued that on-road and off-road vehicles are the major emissions contributor of
the terminal. Technical measures composed of efficient ship hulls, energy-saving
engines, more efficient propulsion, use of alternative fuels such as biofuels, scrubbers
to trap exhaust emissions and onshore power supply. Market-based instruments are
divided into two main categories, namely; carbon levy schemes and emission trading.
Operational options measures comprised speed optimisation, optimised routing and
improved fleet planning. Based on the outcome of their research on the port of Long
Beach and Istanbul’s Marpot terminal, they concluded that the major contributors to
the total emission in terminal are on-road and off-road vehicles [20].
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with shipping companies for environmental issues is necessary. Port expansions activities should consider sustainable projects with urban authorities to evaluate projects
and effects on inhabitants around the ports area. Internal social programs proposed
are employee welfare, education and training for management that are related to
reduction of potentially damage environmental practices and lead for environmental
performance improvement [17].
According to [18] in their study involving Brazilian public ports, there are four
main innovations in port environmental management. The first is cooperation with
external parties such as UNESCO and specialised companies. The second innovation
is improving the internal pipeline of the port, followed by marine biology preservation at port entrance sediment and coastal erosion control, as well as wetland
and marine habitat preservation in the port area. The fourth factor is organisation and
management training or education for employees and working level, good communication with the local government, establishing managerial organisation for green port
development and regular and exclusive budgets for green port performance [18]. On
the other hand, author of [19] conducted a review on 18 articles involving green port
and condensed green port performance criteria into five groups namely air pollution management, liquid pollution management, solid waste and other pollutants
management, aesthetic and noise control management, and lastly marine biological
preservation.
In a research done by [6], the modernisation of the waste management system is
one of the methods to develop a green port. Examples of green measures mentioned
by the researchers are the use of renewable energy for port operations and activities;
recycling and reuse of materials; implementation of policies similar to the reduction of the emissions of harmful substances; and landscape design of a port, which
includes the plantation of trees to absorb noise and pollution. It has also been argued
that the importance of open discussions such as forums with environmental organisations related to environmental activities in order to obtain efficient, high quality
guidelines and management recommendations. Moreover, the researchers suggest
to establish networking among the ports to exchange experience and knowledge
regarding green development. The researchers utilised the qualitative content analysis method to complete their research [6]. Additionally, author of [20], argued that
environmental aspects play a vital role for ports as they can gain support from the
community and attract trading partners and potential investors. They suggested three
approaches to reduce maritime GHG, namely through technical measures, marketbased instruments measures and operation options measures. The researchers also
argued that on-road and off-road vehicles are the major emissions contributor of
the terminal. Technical measures composed of efficient ship hulls, energy-saving
engines, more efficient propulsion, use of alternative fuels such as biofuels, scrubbers
to trap exhaust emissions and onshore power supply. Market-based instruments are
divided into two main categories, namely; carbon levy schemes and emission trading.
Operational options measures comprised speed optimisation, optimised routing and
improved fleet planning. Based on the outcome of their research on the port of Long
Beach and Istanbul’s Marpot terminal, they concluded that the major contributors to
the total emission in terminal are on-road and off-road vehicles [20].