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A. M. Arof et al.
those involved are updated with previous and present performance to ensure their
effectiveness [3]. In their evaluation of two Asian and two European leading ports,
authors of [4] argue that the most common green tools used by port authorities and
public regulators are managing ship traffic, cargo handling and storage activities,
as well as port expansion and industrial activities. This is because ports are driven
by international conventions that place a higher weight on curbing pollution from
ships. They argue that less initiatives were seen in the area of intermodal hinterland
connections [4].
Authors of [15] investigated the status and trends in the environmental performance involving 79 European ports on issues related to environmental management,
environmental priorities and current environmental monitoring practices. Based on
their survey to support their “Port Performance Indicators: Selection and Measurement” (PPRISM) project in 21 European countries, it was discovered that the top
five environmental priorities among European ports are air quality, garbage/port
waste, energy consumption, noise and ship’s waste. Other priorities are relationship
with local community, dredging operations, dust, port development (land work) and
water quality [15]. Although, some of the priorities have shifted as compared to
earlier surveys conducted by the European Sea Ports Organisation beginning 1996,
it has been argued that dredging operations, dust, port development and water quality
have consistently appeared as the top priorities among European ports[15]. Authors
of [16] propose the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and panel data estimation
models as an approach to assess the efficiency of green ports. They also argue that
the deployment of computer and control systems within vehicles laid the foundation
for an emission reduction strategy. Additionally, the advance of intelligent logistics
and smart transportation will improve the fuel economy that will lead to the choice
of cleaner energy [16].
Authors of [15] have identified ten specific components of environmental management and eleven environmental monitoring indicators. The eleven environmental
monitoring indicators are air quality, water quality, soil quality, sediment quality,
terrestrial habitats, noise, marine ecosystems, energy consumption, water consumption, carbon footprint and waste management. The three indicators of green shipping
obtained from the results are onshore power supply, differentiated fees for clean
shipping and LNG bunkering. Two techniques were used in this research to identify
and select the indicators. Firstly, a bottom-up method was used to assess the current
indicators applied by the ports. Secondly, a top-down approach mainly focused on
legislation and regulations as well as valuable opinions and suggestions from port
communities. According to [17], Vietnamese ports need to emphasise on sustainable development for their expansion and improvement projects. They argue that
the criteria for environmental management should be divided into two dimensions,
which are internal and external. Ports should use integrated technology equipment
for efficiency and reduce cost and time. Collaboration with business partners in
computer aided operations is necessary to reduce time and supply chain collaborations to improve stakeholder relations. Furthermore, the utilisation of cleaner port
technology equipment is necessary. Periodic collaboration through business meetings
A. M. Arof et al.
those involved are updated with previous and present performance to ensure their
effectiveness [3]. In their evaluation of two Asian and two European leading ports,
authors of [4] argue that the most common green tools used by port authorities and
public regulators are managing ship traffic, cargo handling and storage activities,
as well as port expansion and industrial activities. This is because ports are driven
by international conventions that place a higher weight on curbing pollution from
ships. They argue that less initiatives were seen in the area of intermodal hinterland
connections [4].
Authors of [15] investigated the status and trends in the environmental performance involving 79 European ports on issues related to environmental management,
environmental priorities and current environmental monitoring practices. Based on
their survey to support their “Port Performance Indicators: Selection and Measurement” (PPRISM) project in 21 European countries, it was discovered that the top
five environmental priorities among European ports are air quality, garbage/port
waste, energy consumption, noise and ship’s waste. Other priorities are relationship
with local community, dredging operations, dust, port development (land work) and
water quality [15]. Although, some of the priorities have shifted as compared to
earlier surveys conducted by the European Sea Ports Organisation beginning 1996,
it has been argued that dredging operations, dust, port development and water quality
have consistently appeared as the top priorities among European ports[15]. Authors
of [16] propose the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and panel data estimation
models as an approach to assess the efficiency of green ports. They also argue that
the deployment of computer and control systems within vehicles laid the foundation
for an emission reduction strategy. Additionally, the advance of intelligent logistics
and smart transportation will improve the fuel economy that will lead to the choice
of cleaner energy [16].
Authors of [15] have identified ten specific components of environmental management and eleven environmental monitoring indicators. The eleven environmental
monitoring indicators are air quality, water quality, soil quality, sediment quality,
terrestrial habitats, noise, marine ecosystems, energy consumption, water consumption, carbon footprint and waste management. The three indicators of green shipping
obtained from the results are onshore power supply, differentiated fees for clean
shipping and LNG bunkering. Two techniques were used in this research to identify
and select the indicators. Firstly, a bottom-up method was used to assess the current
indicators applied by the ports. Secondly, a top-down approach mainly focused on
legislation and regulations as well as valuable opinions and suggestions from port
communities. According to [17], Vietnamese ports need to emphasise on sustainable development for their expansion and improvement projects. They argue that
the criteria for environmental management should be divided into two dimensions,
which are internal and external. Ports should use integrated technology equipment
for efficiency and reduce cost and time. Collaboration with business partners in
computer aided operations is necessary to reduce time and supply chain collaborations to improve stakeholder relations. Furthermore, the utilisation of cleaner port
technology equipment is necessary. Periodic collaboration through business meetings