21 Green Port Indicators: A Review
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In another study, [12] have investigated the factors for operating a green port. The
study evaluated three ports in Taiwan namely Kaohsiung, Taichung and Keelung.
The authors referred to previous studies and have identified 13 factors based on
five dimensions for green port operations. The five dimensions are environmental
quality; use of energy and resource; waste handling; habitat quality and greenery
and social participation. The results of the empirical study from the research show
that the top five attributes of green port operations are hazardous waste handling, air
pollution, water pollution, port greenery and habitat quality maintenance. The result
is then used to evaluate the three ports green performance. Additionally, by referring
to a study by [11], authors of [13] have successfully discovered 15 key performance
indicators that can be used to evaluate the green performance of Egyptian ports.
Using the AHP method, top four indicators identified are air pollution avoidance, oil
spill contingency plan, reducing road vehicle CO 2 emissions and hazardous cargo
management. The authors propose a Green Port Performance Index (GPPI) that was
subsequently used to evaluate the ports performance based on the top indicators.
Additionally, it was argued that the proposed index can be used on ports of any
country to ensure compliance to their environmental law [13].
In another study, authors of [14] conclude that energy management is important in achieving sustainability, and more attention must be paid on energy issues
in port management. The researchers highlight the importance of renewable energy
and encourage the installation of equipment to generate renewable energy. They also
emphasise on the development of biofuels in ports as it can be seen as an opportunity
for the ports since the world demands eco-friendly fuels. They argue that energy
management is important to achieve port sustainability. Therefore, port management
must give more attention on energy matters. The researchers express their views
towards the importance of renewable energy and encourage the installation of equipment for generating renewable energy from the wind, wave and geothermal energy.
Based on a case study on the European ports of Genoa and Hamburg, the researchers
encourage installing solar panels on the wide flat surface such as storage areas and
warehouses to generate solar energy. They argue that these installations and commitment towards renewable energy can leave a positive impact on ports. Additionally,
carbon capture and storage (CCS), material recycling and waste disposal may influence the port’s reputation. The production of biogas and electricity can be obtained
from waste by converting it into thermal energy. The development of biofuels in ports
is also an opportunity for the ports as the world demands eco-friendly fuels [14].
In a research published in 2014, the authors of [3] espouse the problem in achieving
green port status is because the majority of the workers tend not to see or feel the
link between their action or behaviour and their companies’ energy performance and
impact on the environment. They argue that energy efficiency is largely linked to
investments in new equipment [3]. In their case study on the Port of Koper, Slovenia
they discovered that in order to be successful in achieving green port status, a proper
selection of the initial projects is vitally important in order to make the green concept
alive. Additionally, the involvement of a multi-disciplinary team from all departments
in the port is also crucial. The implementation of the green port projects must be
supported by an intelligent energy and environmental management system to enable
241
In another study, [12] have investigated the factors for operating a green port. The
study evaluated three ports in Taiwan namely Kaohsiung, Taichung and Keelung.
The authors referred to previous studies and have identified 13 factors based on
five dimensions for green port operations. The five dimensions are environmental
quality; use of energy and resource; waste handling; habitat quality and greenery
and social participation. The results of the empirical study from the research show
that the top five attributes of green port operations are hazardous waste handling, air
pollution, water pollution, port greenery and habitat quality maintenance. The result
is then used to evaluate the three ports green performance. Additionally, by referring
to a study by [11], authors of [13] have successfully discovered 15 key performance
indicators that can be used to evaluate the green performance of Egyptian ports.
Using the AHP method, top four indicators identified are air pollution avoidance, oil
spill contingency plan, reducing road vehicle CO 2 emissions and hazardous cargo
management. The authors propose a Green Port Performance Index (GPPI) that was
subsequently used to evaluate the ports performance based on the top indicators.
Additionally, it was argued that the proposed index can be used on ports of any
country to ensure compliance to their environmental law [13].
In another study, authors of [14] conclude that energy management is important in achieving sustainability, and more attention must be paid on energy issues
in port management. The researchers highlight the importance of renewable energy
and encourage the installation of equipment to generate renewable energy. They also
emphasise on the development of biofuels in ports as it can be seen as an opportunity
for the ports since the world demands eco-friendly fuels. They argue that energy
management is important to achieve port sustainability. Therefore, port management
must give more attention on energy matters. The researchers express their views
towards the importance of renewable energy and encourage the installation of equipment for generating renewable energy from the wind, wave and geothermal energy.
Based on a case study on the European ports of Genoa and Hamburg, the researchers
encourage installing solar panels on the wide flat surface such as storage areas and
warehouses to generate solar energy. They argue that these installations and commitment towards renewable energy can leave a positive impact on ports. Additionally,
carbon capture and storage (CCS), material recycling and waste disposal may influence the port’s reputation. The production of biogas and electricity can be obtained
from waste by converting it into thermal energy. The development of biofuels in ports
is also an opportunity for the ports as the world demands eco-friendly fuels [14].
In a research published in 2014, the authors of [3] espouse the problem in achieving
green port status is because the majority of the workers tend not to see or feel the
link between their action or behaviour and their companies’ energy performance and
impact on the environment. They argue that energy efficiency is largely linked to
investments in new equipment [3]. In their case study on the Port of Koper, Slovenia
they discovered that in order to be successful in achieving green port status, a proper
selection of the initial projects is vitally important in order to make the green concept
alive. Additionally, the involvement of a multi-disciplinary team from all departments
in the port is also crucial. The implementation of the green port projects must be
supported by an intelligent energy and environmental management system to enable