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the third category involves utilisation of resources and wastes inside a port. The fourth
category deals with efficient planning and management of port operation involving
the introduction of a port environment management system, expansion of prevention
facilities of ocean pollution and an efficient construction plan. The final category
is port redevelopment with the introduction of a waterfront concept which involves
the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA), and creation of artificial
sandbars and wetlands.
A year earlier, the authors of [9] espouse determinants to consider for Greece to
develop a port with green status. The first determining factor involves measures to
prevent air pollution such as fully comply with regulations, installing air monitoring
station for monitoring pollution emitted, modernise cargo handling equipment, using
filters and friendly fuel to reduce fuel emission, provide shore power and used wet
suspension. The second factor is to reduce soil and sediment pollution followed by
an improvement in water quality through development of a storm water pollution
prevention program, cleaning the paved roads, connect the contaminant water to the
sewage treatment plant and installing sensors for pollution risk. The fourth factor
is improving the marine life through periodical environmental studies and tracking
indicators of habitat quality. The fifth factor is the reduction in energy consumption
by enforcing energy efficiency policies, installation, maintenance, usage and storage
of renewable and eco-friendly forms of energy, and conduct energy consumption
studies. The sixth factor is the reduction of noise pollution followed by an improved
weather monitoring by establishing weather station networks. The last two factors are
modern environmental perspectives for green ports by using geographic information
system (GIS) environmental monitoring and adopting sustainable practices through
recycling, using solar energy or hydroelectric power and applying energy efficiency
plans [9].
The authors of [10] in their case study on the Kaohsiung harbour argue that by
adopting an onshore power supply (or known as cold ironing) system and speed
reduction to 12 knots within a 20 nautical mile zone could reduce nitrogen oxide
(NO x ) by 49.2%, sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) by 63.2% and particulate matter (PM) by
39.4%. Moreover, by preventing ships at berth from using their auxiliary engines,
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions involving carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrocarbon
(HC) would also be reduced by 57.2 and 29.2%, respectively [10]. [10] also argue
that green port concept requires an efficient leadership, relevant policies and regulations, innovations, and an environmental energy efficient and sustainable development management system. A subsequent study by [11], has evaluated port’s green
performance on three major ports in Asia, which are Shanghai, Hong Kong and
Kaohsiung. The study identified 17 green port indicators through a brainstorming
session with academicians. The indicators were later reviewed and grouped into five
areas namely air pollution management; aesthetic and noise pollution management;
solid waste pollution management; liquid pollution management and marine biology
preservation. By applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method to identify the weightage of each indicator, the research results indicate that the top three
important actions to improve the green performance are air pollutant avoidance, using
electrically powered equipment, and encouraging the use of low-sulphur fuel [11].
A. M. Arof et al.
the third category involves utilisation of resources and wastes inside a port. The fourth
category deals with efficient planning and management of port operation involving
the introduction of a port environment management system, expansion of prevention
facilities of ocean pollution and an efficient construction plan. The final category
is port redevelopment with the introduction of a waterfront concept which involves
the introduction of environmental impact assessment (EIA), and creation of artificial
sandbars and wetlands.
A year earlier, the authors of [9] espouse determinants to consider for Greece to
develop a port with green status. The first determining factor involves measures to
prevent air pollution such as fully comply with regulations, installing air monitoring
station for monitoring pollution emitted, modernise cargo handling equipment, using
filters and friendly fuel to reduce fuel emission, provide shore power and used wet
suspension. The second factor is to reduce soil and sediment pollution followed by
an improvement in water quality through development of a storm water pollution
prevention program, cleaning the paved roads, connect the contaminant water to the
sewage treatment plant and installing sensors for pollution risk. The fourth factor
is improving the marine life through periodical environmental studies and tracking
indicators of habitat quality. The fifth factor is the reduction in energy consumption
by enforcing energy efficiency policies, installation, maintenance, usage and storage
of renewable and eco-friendly forms of energy, and conduct energy consumption
studies. The sixth factor is the reduction of noise pollution followed by an improved
weather monitoring by establishing weather station networks. The last two factors are
modern environmental perspectives for green ports by using geographic information
system (GIS) environmental monitoring and adopting sustainable practices through
recycling, using solar energy or hydroelectric power and applying energy efficiency
plans [9].
The authors of [10] in their case study on the Kaohsiung harbour argue that by
adopting an onshore power supply (or known as cold ironing) system and speed
reduction to 12 knots within a 20 nautical mile zone could reduce nitrogen oxide
(NO x ) by 49.2%, sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) by 63.2% and particulate matter (PM) by
39.4%. Moreover, by preventing ships at berth from using their auxiliary engines,
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions involving carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and hydrocarbon
(HC) would also be reduced by 57.2 and 29.2%, respectively [10]. [10] also argue
that green port concept requires an efficient leadership, relevant policies and regulations, innovations, and an environmental energy efficient and sustainable development management system. A subsequent study by [11], has evaluated port’s green
performance on three major ports in Asia, which are Shanghai, Hong Kong and
Kaohsiung. The study identified 17 green port indicators through a brainstorming
session with academicians. The indicators were later reviewed and grouped into five
areas namely air pollution management; aesthetic and noise pollution management;
solid waste pollution management; liquid pollution management and marine biology
preservation. By applying the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method to identify the weightage of each indicator, the research results indicate that the top three
important actions to improve the green performance are air pollutant avoidance, using
electrically powered equipment, and encouraging the use of low-sulphur fuel [11].