238
A. M. Arof et al.
21.1 Introduction
More than 80% of global trade are carried on board ships and handled through
seaports of the world. Therefore, without an efficient seaport and shipping network,
the continually increasing demand to move international trade would not be effectively met. As port traffic continues to grow, the question of how to ensure long-term
sustainability of the port sector is becoming an important issue at international level.
Responding to the sustainability and environmental challenges, many developed
economies have taken unilateral actions to implement green port policies and legislation in their countries and it has been argued that since 2010, the green port concept
has been applied as a new paradigm that has become synonymous with sustainable
port [1]. It has also been argued that ports and their stakeholders can use their associations with green improvements to explore commercial benefits through positive
branding and corporate savings. Therefore, developed economies such as Europe
have translated their environmental concerns into the European Sea Ports Organisation (ESPO) Environmental Code of Practice in 1994 that was subsequently enhanced
into the ESPO Green Guide in 2012 [2].
A Green port is defined as a product of the long-term strategy for sustainable
and climate-friendly port infrastructure development [3]. Similarly, it can also be
defined as those that place priorities on pollution prevention, clean technology, clean
shipping and clean port services [4]. It is a contemporary trend of port development.
Sustainability in terms of the green port concept consists of three key elements:
ecological balance, port economic stability and social development [5]. The concept
of green ports advocates with port to minimise or eliminate harms to the environment
and to improve the port’s efficiency. All of these positive effects will eventually affect
worker’s health and social stability, and also increase economic development. For
a port to achieve green port status, it has to adhere to the green port concept and
measure the port’s green performance.
There are many negative impacts from port operations. These negative impacts
come in various forms such as pollution and environmental degradation. As the operations are continuous, the ports are generally aware of the pollutions that are emitted
to the natural environment [6]. These negative effects can be mitigated by implementing the concept of green port. A green port uses systems and technologies that
prevent the environmental pollution and enable to eliminate or reduce the negative
impact of port activities on the environment [5]. Despite the awareness, most port
systems use outdated energy consumption measurement technology that does not
contribute to energy efficiency, environmental protection and sustainable development [6]. Nowadays, a port requires an updated or advanced technology to measure
the port energy consumption. Energy and environmental management systems enrich
business processes with new knowledge about energy consumption and allow stakeholders to better understand their activities and processes [3]. Scarcity of resources
is a challenge in the development of green port since ports require more resources
to develop or improve. According to [5], the concept of sustainable port rationally
uses natural resources of the environment. Therefore, the development of green port
A. M. Arof et al.
21.1 Introduction
More than 80% of global trade are carried on board ships and handled through
seaports of the world. Therefore, without an efficient seaport and shipping network,
the continually increasing demand to move international trade would not be effectively met. As port traffic continues to grow, the question of how to ensure long-term
sustainability of the port sector is becoming an important issue at international level.
Responding to the sustainability and environmental challenges, many developed
economies have taken unilateral actions to implement green port policies and legislation in their countries and it has been argued that since 2010, the green port concept
has been applied as a new paradigm that has become synonymous with sustainable
port [1]. It has also been argued that ports and their stakeholders can use their associations with green improvements to explore commercial benefits through positive
branding and corporate savings. Therefore, developed economies such as Europe
have translated their environmental concerns into the European Sea Ports Organisation (ESPO) Environmental Code of Practice in 1994 that was subsequently enhanced
into the ESPO Green Guide in 2012 [2].
A Green port is defined as a product of the long-term strategy for sustainable
and climate-friendly port infrastructure development [3]. Similarly, it can also be
defined as those that place priorities on pollution prevention, clean technology, clean
shipping and clean port services [4]. It is a contemporary trend of port development.
Sustainability in terms of the green port concept consists of three key elements:
ecological balance, port economic stability and social development [5]. The concept
of green ports advocates with port to minimise or eliminate harms to the environment
and to improve the port’s efficiency. All of these positive effects will eventually affect
worker’s health and social stability, and also increase economic development. For
a port to achieve green port status, it has to adhere to the green port concept and
measure the port’s green performance.
There are many negative impacts from port operations. These negative impacts
come in various forms such as pollution and environmental degradation. As the operations are continuous, the ports are generally aware of the pollutions that are emitted
to the natural environment [6]. These negative effects can be mitigated by implementing the concept of green port. A green port uses systems and technologies that
prevent the environmental pollution and enable to eliminate or reduce the negative
impact of port activities on the environment [5]. Despite the awareness, most port
systems use outdated energy consumption measurement technology that does not
contribute to energy efficiency, environmental protection and sustainable development [6]. Nowadays, a port requires an updated or advanced technology to measure
the port energy consumption. Energy and environmental management systems enrich
business processes with new knowledge about energy consumption and allow stakeholders to better understand their activities and processes [3]. Scarcity of resources
is a challenge in the development of green port since ports require more resources
to develop or improve. According to [5], the concept of sustainable port rationally
uses natural resources of the environment. Therefore, the development of green port