tion of Alternaria alternata tomato Pathotype by
protoplast fusion. J Gen Plant Pathol 67:7–14.
https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012991
Schmidt SM, Houterman PM, Schreiver I, Ma L,
Amyotte S, Chellappan B, Boeren S, Takken FLW,
Rep M (2013) MITEs in the promoters of effector
genes allow prediction of novel virulence genes in
Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 14:119.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-119
Schotanus K, Soyer JL, Connolly LR, Grandaubert J,
Happel P, Smith KM, Freitag M, Stukenbrock EH
(2015) Histone modifications rather than the novel
regional centromeres of Zymoseptoria tritici distinguish core and accessory chromosomes. Epigenetics Chromatin 8:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s13072-015-0033-5
Schrank A, Vainstein MH (2010) Metarhizium anisopliae enzymes and toxins. Toxicon 56:1267–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.008
Schwartz DC, Cantor CR (1984) Separation of yeast
chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient
gel electrophoresis. Cell 37:67–75
Selker EU (1990) Premeiotic instability of repeated
sequences in Neurospora crassa. Annu Rev Genet
24:579–613
Smith KM, Galazka JM, Phatale PA, Connolly LR, Freitag M (2012) Centromeres of filamentous fungi.
Chromosom Res 20:635–656. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10577-012-9290-3
Soyer JL, Balesdent M-H, Rouxel T, Dean RA (2018) To
B or not to B: a tale of unorthodox chromosomes.
Curr Opin Microbiol 46:50–57. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.012
Soyer JL, El Ghalid M, Glaser N, Ollivier B, Linglin J,
Grandaubert J, Balesdent M-H, Connolly LR, Freitag M, Rouxel T, Fudal I (2014) Epigenetic control
of effector gene expression in the plant pathogenic
fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. PLoS Genet 10:
e1004227.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1004227
Stewart EL, Croll D, Lendenmann MH, Sanchez-Vallet
A, Hartmann FE, Palma-Guerrero J, Ma X, McDonald BA (2016) Quantitative trait locus mapping
reveals complex genetic architecture of quantitative virulence in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria
tritici. Mol Plant Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1111/
mpp.12515
Stukenbrock EH, Bataillon T, Dutheil JY, Hansen TT, Li
R, Zala M, McDonald BA, Wang J, Schierup MH
(2011) The making of a new pathogen: insights
from comparative population genomics of the
domesticated wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola and its wild sister species. Genome Res
21:2157–2166.
https://doi.org/10.1101/
gr.118851.110
Stukenbrock EH, Dutheil JY (2017) Fine-scale recombination maps of fungal plant pathogens reveal
dynamic recombination landscapes and intragenic
hotspots. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300502
Stukenbrock EH, Jørgensen FG, Zala M, Hansen TT,
McDonald BA, Schierup MH, Malik HS (2010)
Whole-genome and chromosome evolution associated with host adaptation and speciation of the
wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. PLoS
Genet 6:e1001189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1001189
Taylor JW, Branco S, Gao C, Hann-Soden C, Montoya L,
Sylvain I, Gladieux P (2017) Sources of fungal
genetic variation and associating it with phenotypic diversity. Microbiol Spectr 5. https://doi.
org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0057-2016
Trifonov VA, Dementyeva PV, Larkin DM, O’Brien
PCM, Perelman PL, Yang F, Ferguson-Smith MA,
Graphodatsky AS (2013) Transcription of a
protein-coding gene on B chromosomes of the
Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus). BMC Biol
11:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-90
Twell D (2011) Male gametogenesis and germline specification in flowering plants. Sex Plant Reprod
24:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-0100157-5
Tzeng TH, Lyngholm LK, Ford CF, Bronson CR (1992)
A restriction fragment length polymorphism map
and electrophoretic karyotype of the fungal maize
pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics
130:81–96
Valente GT, Conte MA, Fantinatti BEA, Cabral-deMello DC, Carvalho RF, Vicari MR, Kocher TD,
Martins C (2014) Origin and evolution of B chromosomes in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata based on integrated genomic analyses. Mol
Biol Evol 31:2061–2072. https://doi.org/10.1093/
molbev/msu148
Valente GT, Nakajima RT, Fantinatti BEA, Marques DF,
Almeida RO, Simo ˜es RP, Martins C (2017) B chromosomes: from cytogenetics to systems biology.
Chromosoma 126:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00412-016-0613-6
Van Kan JAL, Stassen JHM, Mosbach A, der Lee V,
Theo AJ, Faino L, Farmer AD, Papasotiriou DG,
Zhou S, Seidl MF, Cottam E, Edel D, Hahn M,
Schwartz DC, Dietrich RA, Widdison S, SCALLIET
G (2017) A gapless genome sequence of the fungus
Botrytis cinerea. Mol Plant Pathol 18:75–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12384
Vanetten HD (1978) Identification of additional habitats of Nectria haematococca mating population
VI. Phytopathology 68:1552. https://doi.org/
10.1094/Phyto-68-1552
Vanheule A, Audenaert K, Warris S, van de Geest H,
Schijlen E, Ho ¨fte M, de Saeger S, Haesaert G,
Waalwijk C, van der Lee T (2016) Living apart
together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen. BMC
Genomics 17:670. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864016-2941-6
46
M. Habig and E. H. Stukenbrock
protoplast fusion. J Gen Plant Pathol 67:7–14.
https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00012991
Schmidt SM, Houterman PM, Schreiver I, Ma L,
Amyotte S, Chellappan B, Boeren S, Takken FLW,
Rep M (2013) MITEs in the promoters of effector
genes allow prediction of novel virulence genes in
Fusarium oxysporum. BMC Genomics 14:119.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-119
Schotanus K, Soyer JL, Connolly LR, Grandaubert J,
Happel P, Smith KM, Freitag M, Stukenbrock EH
(2015) Histone modifications rather than the novel
regional centromeres of Zymoseptoria tritici distinguish core and accessory chromosomes. Epigenetics Chromatin 8:41. https://doi.org/10.1186/
s13072-015-0033-5
Schrank A, Vainstein MH (2010) Metarhizium anisopliae enzymes and toxins. Toxicon 56:1267–1274.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.03.008
Schwartz DC, Cantor CR (1984) Separation of yeast
chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient
gel electrophoresis. Cell 37:67–75
Selker EU (1990) Premeiotic instability of repeated
sequences in Neurospora crassa. Annu Rev Genet
24:579–613
Smith KM, Galazka JM, Phatale PA, Connolly LR, Freitag M (2012) Centromeres of filamentous fungi.
Chromosom Res 20:635–656. https://doi.org/
10.1007/s10577-012-9290-3
Soyer JL, Balesdent M-H, Rouxel T, Dean RA (2018) To
B or not to B: a tale of unorthodox chromosomes.
Curr Opin Microbiol 46:50–57. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.mib.2018.01.012
Soyer JL, El Ghalid M, Glaser N, Ollivier B, Linglin J,
Grandaubert J, Balesdent M-H, Connolly LR, Freitag M, Rouxel T, Fudal I (2014) Epigenetic control
of effector gene expression in the plant pathogenic
fungus Leptosphaeria maculans. PLoS Genet 10:
e1004227.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1004227
Stewart EL, Croll D, Lendenmann MH, Sanchez-Vallet
A, Hartmann FE, Palma-Guerrero J, Ma X, McDonald BA (2016) Quantitative trait locus mapping
reveals complex genetic architecture of quantitative virulence in the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria
tritici. Mol Plant Pathol. https://doi.org/10.1111/
mpp.12515
Stukenbrock EH, Bataillon T, Dutheil JY, Hansen TT, Li
R, Zala M, McDonald BA, Wang J, Schierup MH
(2011) The making of a new pathogen: insights
from comparative population genomics of the
domesticated wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola and its wild sister species. Genome Res
21:2157–2166.
https://doi.org/10.1101/
gr.118851.110
Stukenbrock EH, Dutheil JY (2017) Fine-scale recombination maps of fungal plant pathogens reveal
dynamic recombination landscapes and intragenic
hotspots. Genetics. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.117.300502
Stukenbrock EH, Jørgensen FG, Zala M, Hansen TT,
McDonald BA, Schierup MH, Malik HS (2010)
Whole-genome and chromosome evolution associated with host adaptation and speciation of the
wheat pathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola. PLoS
Genet 6:e1001189. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pgen.1001189
Taylor JW, Branco S, Gao C, Hann-Soden C, Montoya L,
Sylvain I, Gladieux P (2017) Sources of fungal
genetic variation and associating it with phenotypic diversity. Microbiol Spectr 5. https://doi.
org/10.1128/microbiolspec.FUNK-0057-2016
Trifonov VA, Dementyeva PV, Larkin DM, O’Brien
PCM, Perelman PL, Yang F, Ferguson-Smith MA,
Graphodatsky AS (2013) Transcription of a
protein-coding gene on B chromosomes of the
Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus). BMC Biol
11:90. https://doi.org/10.1186/1741-7007-11-90
Twell D (2011) Male gametogenesis and germline specification in flowering plants. Sex Plant Reprod
24:149–160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-0100157-5
Tzeng TH, Lyngholm LK, Ford CF, Bronson CR (1992)
A restriction fragment length polymorphism map
and electrophoretic karyotype of the fungal maize
pathogen Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Genetics
130:81–96
Valente GT, Conte MA, Fantinatti BEA, Cabral-deMello DC, Carvalho RF, Vicari MR, Kocher TD,
Martins C (2014) Origin and evolution of B chromosomes in the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata based on integrated genomic analyses. Mol
Biol Evol 31:2061–2072. https://doi.org/10.1093/
molbev/msu148
Valente GT, Nakajima RT, Fantinatti BEA, Marques DF,
Almeida RO, Simo ˜es RP, Martins C (2017) B chromosomes: from cytogenetics to systems biology.
Chromosoma 126:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00412-016-0613-6
Van Kan JAL, Stassen JHM, Mosbach A, der Lee V,
Theo AJ, Faino L, Farmer AD, Papasotiriou DG,
Zhou S, Seidl MF, Cottam E, Edel D, Hahn M,
Schwartz DC, Dietrich RA, Widdison S, SCALLIET
G (2017) A gapless genome sequence of the fungus
Botrytis cinerea. Mol Plant Pathol 18:75–89.
https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12384
Vanetten HD (1978) Identification of additional habitats of Nectria haematococca mating population
VI. Phytopathology 68:1552. https://doi.org/
10.1094/Phyto-68-1552
Vanheule A, Audenaert K, Warris S, van de Geest H,
Schijlen E, Ho ¨fte M, de Saeger S, Haesaert G,
Waalwijk C, van der Lee T (2016) Living apart
together: crosstalk between the core and supernumerary genomes in a fungal plant pathogen. BMC
Genomics 17:670. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864016-2941-6
46
M. Habig and E. H. Stukenbrock