Mo ¨ller M, Stukenbrock EH (2017) Evolution and
genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens.
Nat Rev Microbiol 15:756
Mroczek RJ, Melo JR, Luce AC, Hiatt EN, Dawe RK
(2006) The maize Ab10 meiotic drive system
maps to supernumerary sequences in a large complex haplotype. Genetics 174:145–154. https://doi.
org/10.1534/genetics.105.048322
Nakashima T, Ueno T, Fukami H, Taga T, Masuda H,
Osaki K, Otani H, Kohmoto K, Nishimura S (1985)
Isolation and structures of AK-toxin I and II. Hostspecific phytotoxic metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype. Agric
Biol Chem 49:807–815. https://doi.org/10.1271/
bbb1961.49.807
Nakatsuka S-I, Ueda K, Goto T, Yamamoto M, Nishimura S, Kohmoto K (1986) Structure of AF-toxin
II, one of the host-specific toxins produced by
Alternaria alternata strawberry pathotype. Tetrahedron Lett 27:2753–2756. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0040-4039(00)84635-3
O’Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Casper HH (1998) Molecular
phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data
support reidentification of the Quorn mycoprotein
fungus as Fusarium venenatum. Fungal Genet Biol
23:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.1997.1018
Orbach MJ, Chumley FG, Valent B (1996) Electrophoretic karyotypes of Magnaporthe grisea pathogens
of diverse grasses. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact
9:261–271
O ¨ stergren G (1947) Heterochromatic B-chromosomes
in anthoxanthum. Hereditas 33:261–296. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1947.tb02804.x
Pansonato-Alves JC, Serrano E ´ A, Utsunomia R, Camacho JPM, da Costa Silva GJ, Vicari MR, Artoni RF,
Oliveira C, Foresti F (2014) Single origin of sex
chromosomes and multiple origins of B chromosomes in fish genus Characidium. PLoS One 9:
e107169.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0107169
Pereira HS, Delgado M, Viegas W, Rato JM, Bara ˜o A,
Caperta AD (2017) Rye (Secale cereale) supernumerary (B) chromosomes associated with heat tolerance during early stages of male sporogenesis.
Ann Bot 119:325–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/
mcw206
Plissonneau C, Hartmann FE, Croll D (2018) Pangenome analyses of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria
tritici reveal the structural basis of a highly plastic
eukaryotic genome. BMC Biol 16:5. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12915-017-0457-4
Ramos E ´ , Cardoso AL, Brown J, Marques DF, Fantinatti BEA, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Oliveira RA,
O’Neill RJ, Martins C (2017) The repetitive DNA
element BncDNA, enriched in the B chromosome
of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata, transcribes a potentially noncoding RNA. Chromosoma
126:313–323.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00412-016-0601-x
Recorbet G, Steinberg C, Olivain C, Edel V, Trouvelot S,
Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Alabouvette C
(2003) Wanted: pathogenesis-related marker
molecules for Fusarium oxysporum. New Phytol
159:73–92.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14698137.2003.00795.x
Remis MI, Vilardi JC (2004) Mitotically unstable B
chromosome polymorphism in the grasshopper
Dichroplus elongatus. Cytogenet Genome Res
106:359–364. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079313
Rep M, van der Does HC, Meijer M, van Wijk R, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, de Koster CG, Cornelissen
BJC (2004) A small, cysteine-rich protein secreted
by Fusarium oxysporum during colonization of
xylem vessels is required for I-3-mediated resistance in tomato. Mol Microbiol 53:1373–1383.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04177.x
Rosin LF, Mellone BG (2017) Centromeres drive a hard
bargain. Trends Genet 33:101–117. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.tig.2016.12.001
Ross BD, Rosin L, Thomae AW, Hiatt MA, Vermaak D,
La Cruz AFA, de Imhof A, Mellone BG, Malik HS
(2013) Stepwise evolution of essential centromere
function in a Drosophila neogene. Science
340:1211–1214.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234393
Rotem J (1994) The genus Alternaria: biology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society
Rouxel T, Balesdent MH (2005) The stem canker
(blackleg) fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, enters
the genomic era. Mol Plant Pathol 6:225–241
Rouxel T, Balesdent M-H (2017) Life, death and rebirth
of avirulence effectors in a fungal pathogen of
brassica crops. Leptosphaeria maculans. New Phytol 214:526–532
Rouxel T, Grandaubert J, Hane JK, Hoede C, van de
Wouw AP, Couloux A, Dominguez V, Anthouard
V, Bally P, Bourras S, Cozijnsen AJ, Ciuffetti LM,
Degrave A, Dilmaghani A, Duret L, Fudal I, Goodwin SB, Gout L, Glaser N, Linglin J, Kema GH,
Lapalu N, Lawrence CB, May K, Meyer M, Ollivier
B, Poulain J, Schoch CL, Simon A, Spatafora JW,
Stachowiak A, Turgeon BG, Tyler BM, Vincent D,
Weissenbach J, Amselem J, Quesneville H, Oliver
RP, Wincker P, Balesdent M-H, Howlett BJ (2011)
Effector diversification within compartments of
the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by
repeat-induced point mutations. Nat Commun
2:202. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1189
Salamiah A, Akamatsu H, Fukumasa-Nakai Y, Otani H,
Kodama M (2001b) Construction and genetic analysis of hybrid strains between apple and tomato
pathotypes of Alternaria alternata by protoplast
fusion. J Gen Plant Pathol 67:97–105. https://doi.
org/10.1007/PL00013006
Salamiah A, Fukumasa-Nakai Y, Akamatsu H, Otani H,
Kohmoto K, Kodama M (2001a) Genetic analysis
of pathogenicity and host-specific toxin produc2 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Accessory Chromosomes
45
genome architecture in fungal plant pathogens.
Nat Rev Microbiol 15:756
Mroczek RJ, Melo JR, Luce AC, Hiatt EN, Dawe RK
(2006) The maize Ab10 meiotic drive system
maps to supernumerary sequences in a large complex haplotype. Genetics 174:145–154. https://doi.
org/10.1534/genetics.105.048322
Nakashima T, Ueno T, Fukami H, Taga T, Masuda H,
Osaki K, Otani H, Kohmoto K, Nishimura S (1985)
Isolation and structures of AK-toxin I and II. Hostspecific phytotoxic metabolites produced by Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype. Agric
Biol Chem 49:807–815. https://doi.org/10.1271/
bbb1961.49.807
Nakatsuka S-I, Ueda K, Goto T, Yamamoto M, Nishimura S, Kohmoto K (1986) Structure of AF-toxin
II, one of the host-specific toxins produced by
Alternaria alternata strawberry pathotype. Tetrahedron Lett 27:2753–2756. https://doi.org/10.1016/
S0040-4039(00)84635-3
O’Donnell K, Cigelnik E, Casper HH (1998) Molecular
phylogenetic, morphological, and mycotoxin data
support reidentification of the Quorn mycoprotein
fungus as Fusarium venenatum. Fungal Genet Biol
23:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1006/fgbi.1997.1018
Orbach MJ, Chumley FG, Valent B (1996) Electrophoretic karyotypes of Magnaporthe grisea pathogens
of diverse grasses. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact
9:261–271
O ¨ stergren G (1947) Heterochromatic B-chromosomes
in anthoxanthum. Hereditas 33:261–296. https://
doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1947.tb02804.x
Pansonato-Alves JC, Serrano E ´ A, Utsunomia R, Camacho JPM, da Costa Silva GJ, Vicari MR, Artoni RF,
Oliveira C, Foresti F (2014) Single origin of sex
chromosomes and multiple origins of B chromosomes in fish genus Characidium. PLoS One 9:
e107169.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pone.0107169
Pereira HS, Delgado M, Viegas W, Rato JM, Bara ˜o A,
Caperta AD (2017) Rye (Secale cereale) supernumerary (B) chromosomes associated with heat tolerance during early stages of male sporogenesis.
Ann Bot 119:325–337. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/
mcw206
Plissonneau C, Hartmann FE, Croll D (2018) Pangenome analyses of the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria
tritici reveal the structural basis of a highly plastic
eukaryotic genome. BMC Biol 16:5. https://doi.
org/10.1186/s12915-017-0457-4
Ramos E ´ , Cardoso AL, Brown J, Marques DF, Fantinatti BEA, Cabral-de-Mello DC, Oliveira RA,
O’Neill RJ, Martins C (2017) The repetitive DNA
element BncDNA, enriched in the B chromosome
of the cichlid fish Astatotilapia latifasciata, transcribes a potentially noncoding RNA. Chromosoma
126:313–323.
https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00412-016-0601-x
Recorbet G, Steinberg C, Olivain C, Edel V, Trouvelot S,
Dumas-Gaudot E, Gianinazzi S, Alabouvette C
(2003) Wanted: pathogenesis-related marker
molecules for Fusarium oxysporum. New Phytol
159:73–92.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.14698137.2003.00795.x
Remis MI, Vilardi JC (2004) Mitotically unstable B
chromosome polymorphism in the grasshopper
Dichroplus elongatus. Cytogenet Genome Res
106:359–364. https://doi.org/10.1159/000079313
Rep M, van der Does HC, Meijer M, van Wijk R, Houterman PM, Dekker HL, de Koster CG, Cornelissen
BJC (2004) A small, cysteine-rich protein secreted
by Fusarium oxysporum during colonization of
xylem vessels is required for I-3-mediated resistance in tomato. Mol Microbiol 53:1373–1383.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04177.x
Rosin LF, Mellone BG (2017) Centromeres drive a hard
bargain. Trends Genet 33:101–117. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.tig.2016.12.001
Ross BD, Rosin L, Thomae AW, Hiatt MA, Vermaak D,
La Cruz AFA, de Imhof A, Mellone BG, Malik HS
(2013) Stepwise evolution of essential centromere
function in a Drosophila neogene. Science
340:1211–1214.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1234393
Rotem J (1994) The genus Alternaria: biology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society
Rouxel T, Balesdent MH (2005) The stem canker
(blackleg) fungus, Leptosphaeria maculans, enters
the genomic era. Mol Plant Pathol 6:225–241
Rouxel T, Balesdent M-H (2017) Life, death and rebirth
of avirulence effectors in a fungal pathogen of
brassica crops. Leptosphaeria maculans. New Phytol 214:526–532
Rouxel T, Grandaubert J, Hane JK, Hoede C, van de
Wouw AP, Couloux A, Dominguez V, Anthouard
V, Bally P, Bourras S, Cozijnsen AJ, Ciuffetti LM,
Degrave A, Dilmaghani A, Duret L, Fudal I, Goodwin SB, Gout L, Glaser N, Linglin J, Kema GH,
Lapalu N, Lawrence CB, May K, Meyer M, Ollivier
B, Poulain J, Schoch CL, Simon A, Spatafora JW,
Stachowiak A, Turgeon BG, Tyler BM, Vincent D,
Weissenbach J, Amselem J, Quesneville H, Oliver
RP, Wincker P, Balesdent M-H, Howlett BJ (2011)
Effector diversification within compartments of
the Leptosphaeria maculans genome affected by
repeat-induced point mutations. Nat Commun
2:202. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1189
Salamiah A, Akamatsu H, Fukumasa-Nakai Y, Otani H,
Kodama M (2001b) Construction and genetic analysis of hybrid strains between apple and tomato
pathotypes of Alternaria alternata by protoplast
fusion. J Gen Plant Pathol 67:97–105. https://doi.
org/10.1007/PL00013006
Salamiah A, Fukumasa-Nakai Y, Akamatsu H, Otani H,
Kohmoto K, Kodama M (2001a) Genetic analysis
of pathogenicity and host-specific toxin produc2 Origin, Function, and Transmission of Accessory Chromosomes
45