metabolism and development through control of
LaeA. Eukaryot Cell 12:1087–1096
Keller NP (2018) Fungal secondary metabolism: regulation, function and drug discovery. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:167–180
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW (2005) Fungal secondary metabolism—from biochemistry to genomics.
Nat Rev Microbiol 3:937–947
Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ (2009) Genome-wide functional
analysis reveals that infection-associated fungal
autophagy is necessary for rice blast disease. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 106:15967–15972
Kolog Gulko M, Heinrich G, Gross C, Popova B, Valerius O, Neumann P, Ficner R, Braus GH (2018)
Sem1 links proteasome stability and specificity to
multicellular development. PLoS Genet 14:
e1007141
Komander D, Clague MJ, Urbe ´ S (2009) Breaking the
chains: structure and function of the deubiquitinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:550–563
Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J (2018)
The Fusarium graminearum histone acetyltransferases are important for morphogenesis, DON
biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol
9:654
Kouzarides T (2007) Chromatin modifications and
their function. Cell 128:693–705
Krappmann S, Jung N, Medic B, Busch S, Prade RA,
Braus GH (2006) The Aspergillus nidulans F-box
protein GrrA links SCF activity to meiosis. Mol
Microbiol 61:76–88
Kumar D, Barad S, Chen Y, Luo X, Tannous J, Dubey A,
Glam Matana N, Tian S, Li B, Keller N, Prusky D
(2016) LaeA regulation of secondary metabolism
modulates virulence in Penicillium expansum and
is mediated by sucrose. Mol Plant Pathol 18:1150–
1163
Ku ¨nzler M (2018) How fungi defend themselves against
microbial competitors and animal predators. PLoS
Pathog 14:e1007184
Lander GC, Estrin E, Matyskiela ME, Bashore C,
Nogales E, Martin A (2012) Complete subunit
architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle.
Nature 482:186–191
Lara-Ortı ´z T, Riveros-Rosas H, Aguirre J (2003) Reactive oxygen species generated by microbial
NADPH oxidase NoxA regulate sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol
50:1241–1255
Leach MD, Stead DA, Argo E, Maccallum DM, Brown
AJP (2011) Molecular and proteomic analyses
highlight the importance of ubiquitination for the
stress resistance, metabolic adaptation, morphogenetic regulation and virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 79:1574–1593
Lee Y-H, Stallcup MR (2009) Minireview: protein arginine methylation of nonhistone proteins in transcriptional regulation. Mol Endocrinol 23:425–433
Lee I, Oh J-H, Keats Shwab E, Dagenais TRT, Andes D,
Keller NP (2009) HdaA, a class 2 histone deacetylase of Aspergillus fumigatus, affects germination
and secondary metabolite production. Fungal
Genet Biol 46:782–790
Lee S, Tumolo JM, Ehlinger AC, Jernigan KK, QuallsHisted SJ, Hsu P-C, Mcdonald H, Chazin WJ, Macgurn JA (2017) Ubiquitin turnover and endocytic
trafficking in yeast are regulated by Ser57 phosphorylation of ubiquitin. Elife 6:e29176
Lestrade PP, Bentvelsen RG, Schauwvlieghe AFAD,
Schalekamp S, van der Velden WJFM, Kuiper EJ,
van Paassen J, van der Hoven B, van der Lee HA,
Melchers WJG, de Haan AF, van der Hoeven HL,
Rijnders BJA, van der Beek MT, Verweij PE (2019)
Voriconazole resistance and mortality in invasive
aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort
study. Clin Infect Dis 68:1463–1471
Li W, Li J, Bao J (2012) Microautophagy: lesser-known
self-eating. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:1125–1136
Liakopoulos D, Doenges G, Matuschewski K, Jentsch S
(1998) A novel protein modification pathway
related to the ubiquitin system. EMBO J 17:2208–
2214
Liang L, Liu Y, Yang K, Lin G, Xu Z, Lan H, Wang X,
Wang S (2017) The putative histone methyltransferase DOT1 regulates aflatoxin and pathogenicity
attributes in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins 9:232
Lim FY, Won TH, Raffa N, Baccile JA, Wisecaver J,
Rokas A, Schroeder FC, Keller NP (2018) Fungal
isocyanide synthases and xanthocillin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. MBio 9:e00785–
e00718
Lind AL, Wisecaver JH, Smith TD, Feng X, Calvo AM,
Rokas A (2015) Examining the evolution of the
regulatory circuit controlling secondary metabolism and development in the fungal genus Aspergillus. PLoS Genet 11:e1005096
Lind AL, Smith TD, Saterlee T, Calvo AM, Rokas A
(2016) Regulation of secondary metabolism by
the velvet complex is temperature-responsive in
Aspergillus. G3 6:4023–4033
Lingaraju GM, Bunker RD, Cavadini S, Hess D, Hassiepen U, Renatus M, Fischer ES, Thoma ¨ NH (2014)
Crystal structure of the human COP9 signalosome.
Nature 512:161–165
Liu C, Lu F, Cui X, Cao X (2010a) Histone methylation
in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:395–420
Liu T-B, Liu X-H, Lu J-P, Zhang L, Min H, Lin F-C
(2010b) The cysteine protease MoAtg4 interacts
with MoAtg8 and is required for differentiation
and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 6:74–85
Liu T, Wang Y, Stukes S, Chen Q, Casadevall A, Xue C
(2011) The F-Box protein Fbp1 regulates sexual
reproduction and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell 10:791–802
Liu X, Reitsma JM, Mamrosh JL, Zhang Y, Straube R,
Deshaies RJ (2018) Cand1-mediated adaptive
200
J. Gerke et al.
LaeA. Eukaryot Cell 12:1087–1096
Keller NP (2018) Fungal secondary metabolism: regulation, function and drug discovery. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:167–180
Keller NP, Turner G, Bennett JW (2005) Fungal secondary metabolism—from biochemistry to genomics.
Nat Rev Microbiol 3:937–947
Kershaw MJ, Talbot NJ (2009) Genome-wide functional
analysis reveals that infection-associated fungal
autophagy is necessary for rice blast disease. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 106:15967–15972
Kolog Gulko M, Heinrich G, Gross C, Popova B, Valerius O, Neumann P, Ficner R, Braus GH (2018)
Sem1 links proteasome stability and specificity to
multicellular development. PLoS Genet 14:
e1007141
Komander D, Clague MJ, Urbe ´ S (2009) Breaking the
chains: structure and function of the deubiquitinases. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10:550–563
Kong X, van Diepeningen AD, van der Lee TAJ, Waalwijk C, Xu J, Xu J, Zhang H, Chen W, Feng J (2018)
The Fusarium graminearum histone acetyltransferases are important for morphogenesis, DON
biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. Front Microbiol
9:654
Kouzarides T (2007) Chromatin modifications and
their function. Cell 128:693–705
Krappmann S, Jung N, Medic B, Busch S, Prade RA,
Braus GH (2006) The Aspergillus nidulans F-box
protein GrrA links SCF activity to meiosis. Mol
Microbiol 61:76–88
Kumar D, Barad S, Chen Y, Luo X, Tannous J, Dubey A,
Glam Matana N, Tian S, Li B, Keller N, Prusky D
(2016) LaeA regulation of secondary metabolism
modulates virulence in Penicillium expansum and
is mediated by sucrose. Mol Plant Pathol 18:1150–
1163
Ku ¨nzler M (2018) How fungi defend themselves against
microbial competitors and animal predators. PLoS
Pathog 14:e1007184
Lander GC, Estrin E, Matyskiela ME, Bashore C,
Nogales E, Martin A (2012) Complete subunit
architecture of the proteasome regulatory particle.
Nature 482:186–191
Lara-Ortı ´z T, Riveros-Rosas H, Aguirre J (2003) Reactive oxygen species generated by microbial
NADPH oxidase NoxA regulate sexual development in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol
50:1241–1255
Leach MD, Stead DA, Argo E, Maccallum DM, Brown
AJP (2011) Molecular and proteomic analyses
highlight the importance of ubiquitination for the
stress resistance, metabolic adaptation, morphogenetic regulation and virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 79:1574–1593
Lee Y-H, Stallcup MR (2009) Minireview: protein arginine methylation of nonhistone proteins in transcriptional regulation. Mol Endocrinol 23:425–433
Lee I, Oh J-H, Keats Shwab E, Dagenais TRT, Andes D,
Keller NP (2009) HdaA, a class 2 histone deacetylase of Aspergillus fumigatus, affects germination
and secondary metabolite production. Fungal
Genet Biol 46:782–790
Lee S, Tumolo JM, Ehlinger AC, Jernigan KK, QuallsHisted SJ, Hsu P-C, Mcdonald H, Chazin WJ, Macgurn JA (2017) Ubiquitin turnover and endocytic
trafficking in yeast are regulated by Ser57 phosphorylation of ubiquitin. Elife 6:e29176
Lestrade PP, Bentvelsen RG, Schauwvlieghe AFAD,
Schalekamp S, van der Velden WJFM, Kuiper EJ,
van Paassen J, van der Hoven B, van der Lee HA,
Melchers WJG, de Haan AF, van der Hoeven HL,
Rijnders BJA, van der Beek MT, Verweij PE (2019)
Voriconazole resistance and mortality in invasive
aspergillosis: a multicenter retrospective cohort
study. Clin Infect Dis 68:1463–1471
Li W, Li J, Bao J (2012) Microautophagy: lesser-known
self-eating. Cell Mol Life Sci 69:1125–1136
Liakopoulos D, Doenges G, Matuschewski K, Jentsch S
(1998) A novel protein modification pathway
related to the ubiquitin system. EMBO J 17:2208–
2214
Liang L, Liu Y, Yang K, Lin G, Xu Z, Lan H, Wang X,
Wang S (2017) The putative histone methyltransferase DOT1 regulates aflatoxin and pathogenicity
attributes in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins 9:232
Lim FY, Won TH, Raffa N, Baccile JA, Wisecaver J,
Rokas A, Schroeder FC, Keller NP (2018) Fungal
isocyanide synthases and xanthocillin biosynthesis in Aspergillus fumigatus. MBio 9:e00785–
e00718
Lind AL, Wisecaver JH, Smith TD, Feng X, Calvo AM,
Rokas A (2015) Examining the evolution of the
regulatory circuit controlling secondary metabolism and development in the fungal genus Aspergillus. PLoS Genet 11:e1005096
Lind AL, Smith TD, Saterlee T, Calvo AM, Rokas A
(2016) Regulation of secondary metabolism by
the velvet complex is temperature-responsive in
Aspergillus. G3 6:4023–4033
Lingaraju GM, Bunker RD, Cavadini S, Hess D, Hassiepen U, Renatus M, Fischer ES, Thoma ¨ NH (2014)
Crystal structure of the human COP9 signalosome.
Nature 512:161–165
Liu C, Lu F, Cui X, Cao X (2010a) Histone methylation
in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Biol 61:395–420
Liu T-B, Liu X-H, Lu J-P, Zhang L, Min H, Lin F-C
(2010b) The cysteine protease MoAtg4 interacts
with MoAtg8 and is required for differentiation
and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Autophagy 6:74–85
Liu T, Wang Y, Stukes S, Chen Q, Casadevall A, Xue C
(2011) The F-Box protein Fbp1 regulates sexual
reproduction and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. Eukaryot Cell 10:791–802
Liu X, Reitsma JM, Mamrosh JL, Zhang Y, Straube R,
Deshaies RJ (2018) Cand1-mediated adaptive
200
J. Gerke et al.