the formation of CO 2
À species [104]. It means that the surface oxygen vacancies
facilitate the adsorption and chemical activation of CO 2 molecules [107]. Furthermore, TiO 2–x also shows high PEC performance under solar light irradiation, such as
linear sweep voltammograms [45, 108], photocurrent responses [30, 109–111],
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots [83, 112, 113],
Mott–Schottky plots [13, 25], incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency
(IPCE) [34, 114], cyclic voltammograms (CV) [95, 114], galvanostatic charge/
discharge voltage profiles [115, 116], and specific discharge capacity, which
makes it a good candidate in applications of PEC water splitting [13, 48, 117],
DSSCs [49, 118, 119], lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) [120], memory capacitor [121],
LIBs [40, 115, 116], sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) [122, 123], and oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR) [37]. TiO 2–x catalysts have been proven to be efficient energy
conversion and storage materials.
4.5 Modification on TiO 2–x Photocatalysts
Although the hydrogenation or the self-doping of TiO 2 has gained a lot of improvement of its photocatalytic performance compared to pure TiO 2 , requirement for the
further enhancement of its activities is raised in industrial applications. Conventional
methods which are usually used for the modification of TiO 2 materials are also
introduced to further improve the activities of TiO 2–x catalysts, such as doping with
nonmetal elements, grafting with metals, compositing with other materials, designing of ordered morphology, special facet exposure, etc.
Fig. 4.10 (a) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting of mesoporous TiO 2–x hollow
spheres (sample a) and mesoporous TiO 2 hollow spheres (sample b). (b) The photocatalytic H 2
generation rates under single-wavelength light irradiation and the corresponding quantum efficiency (QE) of the catalysts. (Reproduced from Ref. [15] by permission of The Royal Society of
Chemistry)
88
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis
À species [104]. It means that the surface oxygen vacancies
facilitate the adsorption and chemical activation of CO 2 molecules [107]. Furthermore, TiO 2–x also shows high PEC performance under solar light irradiation, such as
linear sweep voltammograms [45, 108], photocurrent responses [30, 109–111],
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) Nyquist plots [83, 112, 113],
Mott–Schottky plots [13, 25], incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency
(IPCE) [34, 114], cyclic voltammograms (CV) [95, 114], galvanostatic charge/
discharge voltage profiles [115, 116], and specific discharge capacity, which
makes it a good candidate in applications of PEC water splitting [13, 48, 117],
DSSCs [49, 118, 119], lithium-ion capacitor (LIC) [120], memory capacitor [121],
LIBs [40, 115, 116], sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) [122, 123], and oxygen reduction
reaction (ORR) [37]. TiO 2–x catalysts have been proven to be efficient energy
conversion and storage materials.
4.5 Modification on TiO 2–x Photocatalysts
Although the hydrogenation or the self-doping of TiO 2 has gained a lot of improvement of its photocatalytic performance compared to pure TiO 2 , requirement for the
further enhancement of its activities is raised in industrial applications. Conventional
methods which are usually used for the modification of TiO 2 materials are also
introduced to further improve the activities of TiO 2–x catalysts, such as doping with
nonmetal elements, grafting with metals, compositing with other materials, designing of ordered morphology, special facet exposure, etc.
Fig. 4.10 (a) Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from water splitting of mesoporous TiO 2–x hollow
spheres (sample a) and mesoporous TiO 2 hollow spheres (sample b). (b) The photocatalytic H 2
generation rates under single-wavelength light irradiation and the corresponding quantum efficiency (QE) of the catalysts. (Reproduced from Ref. [15] by permission of The Royal Society of
Chemistry)
88
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis