in the photoactivity of the samples: one is the high surface area of the prepared
catalyst which gives the high room for the substrate dyes to adsorb on its surface and
the other is crystallinity of the samples which allows less recombination of the
photoexcited electrons and holes and increases the photocatalytic activity. Therefore,
the increase in the calcination temperature increases the crystallinity but on the other
side decreases the specific surface area of the samples. So, these two requirements
are used to be partially fulfilled at a moderate calcination temperature [69]. Table 1.4
illustrates some catalysts with the optimum calcination temperature for the degradation of different types of pollutants.
References
1. Arakawa H, Aresta M, Armor JN et al (2001) Catalysis research of relevance to carbon
management: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Rev 101(4):953–996
2. Esswein AJ, Nocera DG (2007) Hydrogen production by molecular photocatalysis. Chem Rev
107(10):4022–4047
3. Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W et al (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor
photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95(1):69–96
Table 1.4 Effect of calcination temperature on the degradation of pollutants [52, 67, 70–86]
Pollutant
Light
source
Photocatalyst
Range of temperature
(
C)
Optimum temperature
(
C)
Methyl orange
UV
Co
2+ –TiO 2
150–700
200
Azo fuchsine
Visible
TiO 2
300–800
400
Methylene blue
UV
Ce
4+ –TiO 2
300–500
400
Methyl orange
UV
N–TiO 2
0–400
300
Rhodamine B
UV
La
3+ –TiO 2
600–900
700–800
Methylene blue
UV
Sm
3+ –TiO 2
500–800
600
4-Chlorophenol
UV
N–TiO 2
300–700
500
o-Cresol
Visible
Pt–TiO 2
150–750
150
Methylene blue
UV–
visible
WO 3 –TiO 2
450–850
550
Acid orange 52
UV/solar
Zn
2+ –TiO 2
400–550
450
BPA
UV
Zr–TiO 2
500–700
700
Methylene blue
Visible
N–TiO 2
400–700
500
Methyl orange
UV–
visible
Co–TiO 2
500–850
650
Phenol
UV–
visible
I–TiO 2
400–600
400
Rhodamine B
Visible
F–TiO 2
120–180
180
Phenol
UV
WO X –TiO 2
400–800
700
Methyl orange
Solar
Fe
3+ –TiO 2
200–600
300
2,4,6Tribromophenol
UV
TiO 2
350–650
550
References
11
catalyst which gives the high room for the substrate dyes to adsorb on its surface and
the other is crystallinity of the samples which allows less recombination of the
photoexcited electrons and holes and increases the photocatalytic activity. Therefore,
the increase in the calcination temperature increases the crystallinity but on the other
side decreases the specific surface area of the samples. So, these two requirements
are used to be partially fulfilled at a moderate calcination temperature [69]. Table 1.4
illustrates some catalysts with the optimum calcination temperature for the degradation of different types of pollutants.
References
1. Arakawa H, Aresta M, Armor JN et al (2001) Catalysis research of relevance to carbon
management: progress, challenges, and opportunities. Chem Rev 101(4):953–996
2. Esswein AJ, Nocera DG (2007) Hydrogen production by molecular photocatalysis. Chem Rev
107(10):4022–4047
3. Hoffmann MR, Martin ST, Choi W et al (1995) Environmental applications of semiconductor
photocatalysis. Chem Rev 95(1):69–96
Table 1.4 Effect of calcination temperature on the degradation of pollutants [52, 67, 70–86]
Pollutant
Light
source
Photocatalyst
Range of temperature
(
C)
Optimum temperature
(
C)
Methyl orange
UV
Co
2+ –TiO 2
150–700
200
Azo fuchsine
Visible
TiO 2
300–800
400
Methylene blue
UV
Ce
4+ –TiO 2
300–500
400
Methyl orange
UV
N–TiO 2
0–400
300
Rhodamine B
UV
La
3+ –TiO 2
600–900
700–800
Methylene blue
UV
Sm
3+ –TiO 2
500–800
600
4-Chlorophenol
UV
N–TiO 2
300–700
500
o-Cresol
Visible
Pt–TiO 2
150–750
150
Methylene blue
UV–
visible
WO 3 –TiO 2
450–850
550
Acid orange 52
UV/solar
Zn
2+ –TiO 2
400–550
450
BPA
UV
Zr–TiO 2
500–700
700
Methylene blue
Visible
N–TiO 2
400–700
500
Methyl orange
UV–
visible
Co–TiO 2
500–850
650
Phenol
UV–
visible
I–TiO 2
400–600
400
Rhodamine B
Visible
F–TiO 2
120–180
180
Phenol
UV
WO X –TiO 2
400–800
700
Methyl orange
Solar
Fe
3+ –TiO 2
200–600
300
2,4,6Tribromophenol
UV
TiO 2
350–650
550
References
11