4. Hashim MA, Mukhopadhyay S, Sahu JN et al (2011) Remediation technologies for heavy metal
contaminated groundwater. J Environ Manag 92(10):2355–2388
5. Haji-Saeid SM, Sampa MH, Safrany A et al (2012) Radiation processing techniques in
remediation of pollutants, and the role of the IAEA in supporting capacity building in developing countries. Radiat Phys Chem 81(8):1040–1044
6. Khan FI, Husain T, Hejazi R (2004) An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies.
J Environ Manag 71(2):95–122
7. Yeung AT, Gu YY (2011) A review on techniques to enhance electrochemical remediation of
contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 195(0):11–29
8. Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238(0):37–38
9. Ba-Abbad MM, Kadhum AAH, Mohamad AB et al (2013) Visible light photocatalytic activity
of Fe
3+ -doped ZnO nanoparticle prepared via sol–gel technique. Chemosphere 91
(11):1604–1611
10. Burton P, Peterson E, Boyle T et al (2010) Synthesis of high surface area ZnO(0001) plates as
novel oxide supports for heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Lett 139(1–2):26–32
11. Bignozzi CA, Caramori S, Cristino V et al (2013) Nanostructured photoelectrodes based on
WO 3 : applications to photooxidation of aqueous electrolytes. Chem Soc Rev 42(6):2228–2246
12. Tian L, Ye L, Liu J et al (2012) Solvothermal synthesis of CNTs–WO 3 hybrid nanostructures
with high photocatalytic activity under visible light. Catal Commun 17(0):99–103
13. Franking R, Li L, Lukowski MA et al (2013) Facile post-growth doping of nanostructured
hematite photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Energy Environ Sci
6(2):500–512
14. Bang JU, Lee SJ, Jang JS et al (2012) Geometric effect of single or double metal-tipped CdSe
nanorods on photocatalytic H 2 generation. J Phys Chem Lett 3(24):3781–3785
15. Wang J, Yin S, Zhang Q et al (2003) Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorine-doped SrTiO 3 and
its photo-oxidation properties. Chem Lett 32(6):540–541
16. Bhatkhande DS, Pangarkar VG, Beenackers AACM (2002) Photocatalytic degradation for
environmental applications – a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77(1):102–116
17. Ilmenite (2015) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite
18. Perovskite (2017) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite
19. Titanite (2017) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite
20. Budavari S (1996) An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, merck index, 12th
edn. Merck, Whitehouse Station, p 1617
21. Renz C (1921) Photoreactions of oxides of titanium, cerium and earth acids. Helv Chim Acta 4
(0):961–968
22. Keidel E (1929) Die Beeinflussung der Lichtechtheit von Teerfarblacken durch Titanweiss (The
effect on the light fastness of coal tar dye paints by titanium white). Farben-Zeitung 34
(0):1242–1243
23. Serpone N, Emeline AV, Horikoshi S et al (2012) On the genesis of heterogeneous
photocatalysis: a brief historical perspective in the period 1910 to the mid-1980s. Photochem
Photobiol Sci 11(7):1121–1150
24. Mills A, Hunte SL (1997) An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. J Photochem
Photobiol A Chem 108(1):1–35
25. Chen X, Shen S, Guo L et al (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation.
Chem Rev 110(11):6503–6570
26. Vinu R, Madras G (2011) Photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants using Nano-TiO2. In:
Zang L (ed) Energy efficiency and renewable energy through nanotechnology. Springer,
London, pp 625–677
27. Rauf M, Ashraf SS (2009) Fundamental principles and application of heterogeneous
photocatalytic degradation of dyes in solution. Chem Eng J 151(1):10–18
12
1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
contaminated groundwater. J Environ Manag 92(10):2355–2388
5. Haji-Saeid SM, Sampa MH, Safrany A et al (2012) Radiation processing techniques in
remediation of pollutants, and the role of the IAEA in supporting capacity building in developing countries. Radiat Phys Chem 81(8):1040–1044
6. Khan FI, Husain T, Hejazi R (2004) An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies.
J Environ Manag 71(2):95–122
7. Yeung AT, Gu YY (2011) A review on techniques to enhance electrochemical remediation of
contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 195(0):11–29
8. Fujishima A, Honda K (1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electrode. Nature 238(0):37–38
9. Ba-Abbad MM, Kadhum AAH, Mohamad AB et al (2013) Visible light photocatalytic activity
of Fe
3+ -doped ZnO nanoparticle prepared via sol–gel technique. Chemosphere 91
(11):1604–1611
10. Burton P, Peterson E, Boyle T et al (2010) Synthesis of high surface area ZnO(0001) plates as
novel oxide supports for heterogeneous catalysts. Catal Lett 139(1–2):26–32
11. Bignozzi CA, Caramori S, Cristino V et al (2013) Nanostructured photoelectrodes based on
WO 3 : applications to photooxidation of aqueous electrolytes. Chem Soc Rev 42(6):2228–2246
12. Tian L, Ye L, Liu J et al (2012) Solvothermal synthesis of CNTs–WO 3 hybrid nanostructures
with high photocatalytic activity under visible light. Catal Commun 17(0):99–103
13. Franking R, Li L, Lukowski MA et al (2013) Facile post-growth doping of nanostructured
hematite photoanodes for enhanced photoelectrochemical water oxidation. Energy Environ Sci
6(2):500–512
14. Bang JU, Lee SJ, Jang JS et al (2012) Geometric effect of single or double metal-tipped CdSe
nanorods on photocatalytic H 2 generation. J Phys Chem Lett 3(24):3781–3785
15. Wang J, Yin S, Zhang Q et al (2003) Mechanochemical synthesis of fluorine-doped SrTiO 3 and
its photo-oxidation properties. Chem Lett 32(6):540–541
16. Bhatkhande DS, Pangarkar VG, Beenackers AACM (2002) Photocatalytic degradation for
environmental applications – a review. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 77(1):102–116
17. Ilmenite (2015) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmenite
18. Perovskite (2017) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perovskite
19. Titanite (2017) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titanite
20. Budavari S (1996) An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs, and biologicals, merck index, 12th
edn. Merck, Whitehouse Station, p 1617
21. Renz C (1921) Photoreactions of oxides of titanium, cerium and earth acids. Helv Chim Acta 4
(0):961–968
22. Keidel E (1929) Die Beeinflussung der Lichtechtheit von Teerfarblacken durch Titanweiss (The
effect on the light fastness of coal tar dye paints by titanium white). Farben-Zeitung 34
(0):1242–1243
23. Serpone N, Emeline AV, Horikoshi S et al (2012) On the genesis of heterogeneous
photocatalysis: a brief historical perspective in the period 1910 to the mid-1980s. Photochem
Photobiol Sci 11(7):1121–1150
24. Mills A, Hunte SL (1997) An overview of semiconductor photocatalysis. J Photochem
Photobiol A Chem 108(1):1–35
25. Chen X, Shen S, Guo L et al (2010) Semiconductor-based photocatalytic hydrogen generation.
Chem Rev 110(11):6503–6570
26. Vinu R, Madras G (2011) Photocatalytic degradation of water pollutants using Nano-TiO2. In:
Zang L (ed) Energy efficiency and renewable energy through nanotechnology. Springer,
London, pp 625–677
27. Rauf M, Ashraf SS (2009) Fundamental principles and application of heterogeneous
photocatalytic degradation of dyes in solution. Chem Eng J 151(1):10–18
12
1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis