84. Liu Y, Wang J, Yang P, Matras-Postolek K (2015) Self-modification of TiO 2 one-dimensional
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85. Zuo F, Wang L, Wu T, Zhang Z, Borchardt D, Feng P (2010) Self-doped Ti
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photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light. J Am Chem Soc 132
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86. Diebold U (2003) The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surf Sci Rep 48(5–8):53–229
87. Fang W, Dappozze F, Guillard C, Zhou Y, Xing M, Mishra S, Daniele S, Zhang J (2017)
Zn-assisted TiO 2-x photocatalyst with efficient charge separation for enhanced photocatalytic
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88. Livraghi S, Chiesa M, Paganini MC, Giamello E (2011) On the nature of reduced states in
titanium dioxide as monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance. I: the anatase case. J Phys
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89. Sekiya T, Kurita S (2008) Defects in anatase titanium dioxide. In: Ohno K, Tanaka M,
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pp 121–141
90. Qiu B, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Sheng W, Xing M, Zhang J (2015) Facile synthesis of the Ti
3+
self-doped TiO 2 -graphene nanosheet composites with enhanced photocatalysis. Sci Rep
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91. Giannakas AE, Antonopoulou M, Deligiannakis Y, Konstantinou I (2013) Preparation, characterization of N-I co-doped TiO 2 and catalytic performance toward simultaneous Cr
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92. Wendt S, Schaub R, Matthiesen J, Vestergaard EK, Wahlström E, Rasmussen MD,
Thostrup P, Molina LM, Lægsgaard E, Stensgaard I, Hammer B, Besenbacher F (2005)
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93. Fischer S, Schierbaum K-D, Göpel W (1997) Surface defects and platinum overlayers on
TiO 2 (110) surfaces: STM and photoemission studies. Vacuum 48(7–9):601–605
94. Chen C, Chen T, Chen C, Lai Y, You J, Chou T, Chen C, Lee J (2012) Effect of Ti
3+ on TiO 2 -
supported Cu catalysts used for CO oxidation. Langmuir 28(26):9996–10006
95. Zhang C, Xie Y, Ma J, Hu J, Zhang C (2015) A composite catalyst of reduced black TiO 2-x /
CNT: a highly efficient counter electrode for ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem
Commun 51(98):17459–17462
96. Liao W, Murugananthan M, Zhang Y (2015) Synthesis of Z-scheme g-C 3 N 4 -Ti
3+ /TiO 2
material: an efficient visible light photoelectrocatalyst for degradation of phenol. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 17(14):8877–8884
97. Ioannidou E, Ioannidi A, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, Tselios C, Tsikritzis D,
Konstantinou I, Kennou S, Kondarides DI, Mantzavinos D (2016) Correlating the properties
of hydrogenated titania to reaction kinetics and mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation
of bisphenol A under solar irradiation. Appl Catal B 188:65–76
98. Qin X, He F, Chen L, Meng Y, Liu J, Zhao N, Huang Y (2016) Oxygen-vacancy modified
TiO 2 nanoparticles as enhanced visible-light driven photocatalysts by wrapping and chemically bonding with graphite-like carbon. RSC Adv 6(13):10887–10894
99. Xing M, Li X, Zhang J (2014) Synergistic effect on the visible light activity of Ti
3+ doped
TiO 2 nanorods/boron doped graphene composite. Sci Rep 4:5493
100. Wang J, Yang P, Huang B (2015) Self-doped TiO 2-x nanowires with enhanced photocatalytic
activity: facile synthesis and effects of the Ti
3+ . Appl Surf Sci 356:391–398
101. Liu N, Schneider C, Freitag D, Hartmann M, Venkatesan U, Müller J, Spiecker E, Schmuki P
(2014) Black TiO 2 nanotubes: cocatalyst-free open-circuit hydrogen generation. Nano Lett 14
(6):3309–3313
102. Yan X, Xing Z, Cao Y, Hu M, Li Z, Wu X, Zhu Q, Yang S, Zhou W (2017) In-situ C-N-Stridoped single crystal black TiO 2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets as efficient visiblelight-driven photocatalysts. Appl Catal B 219:572–579
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101
nano-materials by Ti
3+ and oxygen vacancy using Ti 2 O 3 as precursor. RSC Adv 5
(76):61657–61663
85. Zuo F, Wang L, Wu T, Zhang Z, Borchardt D, Feng P (2010) Self-doped Ti
3+ enhanced
photocatalyst for hydrogen production under visible light. J Am Chem Soc 132
(34):11856–11857
86. Diebold U (2003) The surface science of titanium dioxide. Surf Sci Rep 48(5–8):53–229
87. Fang W, Dappozze F, Guillard C, Zhou Y, Xing M, Mishra S, Daniele S, Zhang J (2017)
Zn-assisted TiO 2-x photocatalyst with efficient charge separation for enhanced photocatalytic
activities. J Phys Chem C 121:17068
88. Livraghi S, Chiesa M, Paganini MC, Giamello E (2011) On the nature of reduced states in
titanium dioxide as monitored by electron paramagnetic resonance. I: the anatase case. J Phys
Chem C 115(51):25413–25421
89. Sekiya T, Kurita S (2008) Defects in anatase titanium dioxide. In: Ohno K, Tanaka M,
Takeda J, Kawazoe Y (eds) Nano- and micromaterials, vol 9. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg,
pp 121–141
90. Qiu B, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Yang X, Sheng W, Xing M, Zhang J (2015) Facile synthesis of the Ti
3+
self-doped TiO 2 -graphene nanosheet composites with enhanced photocatalysis. Sci Rep
5:8591
91. Giannakas AE, Antonopoulou M, Deligiannakis Y, Konstantinou I (2013) Preparation, characterization of N-I co-doped TiO 2 and catalytic performance toward simultaneous Cr
(VI) reduction and benzoic acid oxidation. Appl Catal B 140:636–645
92. Wendt S, Schaub R, Matthiesen J, Vestergaard EK, Wahlström E, Rasmussen MD,
Thostrup P, Molina LM, Lægsgaard E, Stensgaard I, Hammer B, Besenbacher F (2005)
Oxygen vacancies on TiO 2 (110) and their interaction with H 2 O and O 2 : a combined highresolution STM and DFT study. Surf Sci 598(1–3):226–245
93. Fischer S, Schierbaum K-D, Göpel W (1997) Surface defects and platinum overlayers on
TiO 2 (110) surfaces: STM and photoemission studies. Vacuum 48(7–9):601–605
94. Chen C, Chen T, Chen C, Lai Y, You J, Chou T, Chen C, Lee J (2012) Effect of Ti
3+ on TiO 2 -
supported Cu catalysts used for CO oxidation. Langmuir 28(26):9996–10006
95. Zhang C, Xie Y, Ma J, Hu J, Zhang C (2015) A composite catalyst of reduced black TiO 2-x /
CNT: a highly efficient counter electrode for ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells. Chem
Commun 51(98):17459–17462
96. Liao W, Murugananthan M, Zhang Y (2015) Synthesis of Z-scheme g-C 3 N 4 -Ti
3+ /TiO 2
material: an efficient visible light photoelectrocatalyst for degradation of phenol. Phys Chem
Chem Phys 17(14):8877–8884
97. Ioannidou E, Ioannidi A, Frontistis Z, Antonopoulou M, Tselios C, Tsikritzis D,
Konstantinou I, Kennou S, Kondarides DI, Mantzavinos D (2016) Correlating the properties
of hydrogenated titania to reaction kinetics and mechanism for the photocatalytic degradation
of bisphenol A under solar irradiation. Appl Catal B 188:65–76
98. Qin X, He F, Chen L, Meng Y, Liu J, Zhao N, Huang Y (2016) Oxygen-vacancy modified
TiO 2 nanoparticles as enhanced visible-light driven photocatalysts by wrapping and chemically bonding with graphite-like carbon. RSC Adv 6(13):10887–10894
99. Xing M, Li X, Zhang J (2014) Synergistic effect on the visible light activity of Ti
3+ doped
TiO 2 nanorods/boron doped graphene composite. Sci Rep 4:5493
100. Wang J, Yang P, Huang B (2015) Self-doped TiO 2-x nanowires with enhanced photocatalytic
activity: facile synthesis and effects of the Ti
3+ . Appl Surf Sci 356:391–398
101. Liu N, Schneider C, Freitag D, Hartmann M, Venkatesan U, Müller J, Spiecker E, Schmuki P
(2014) Black TiO 2 nanotubes: cocatalyst-free open-circuit hydrogen generation. Nano Lett 14
(6):3309–3313
102. Yan X, Xing Z, Cao Y, Hu M, Li Z, Wu X, Zhu Q, Yang S, Zhou W (2017) In-situ C-N-Stridoped single crystal black TiO 2 nanosheets with exposed {001} facets as efficient visiblelight-driven photocatalysts. Appl Catal B 219:572–579
References
101