65. Wu Q, Huang F, Zhao M, Xu J, Zhou J, Wang Y (2016) Ultra-small yellow defective TiO 2
nanoparticles for co-catalyst free photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nano Energy 24:63–71
66. Zuo F, Bozhilov K, Dillon RJ, Wang L, Smith P, Zhao X, Bardeen C, Feng P (2012) Active
facets on titanium(III)-doped TiO 2 : an effective strategy to improve the visible-light
photocatalytic activity. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(25):6223–6226
67. Liu Y, Quan B, Ji G, Zhang H (2016) One-step synthesis of Ti
3+ doped TiO 2 single anatase
crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards degradation of methylene blue. Mater
Lett 162:138–141
68. Cai J, Za H, Lv K, Sun J, Deng K (2014) Ti powder-assisted synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
nanosheets with enhanced visible-light photoactivity. RSC Adv 4(38):19588–19593
69. Yang H, Sun C, Qiao S, Zou J, Liu G, Smith SC, Cheng H, Lu G (2008) Anatase TiO 2 single
crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets. Nature 453(7195):638–641
70. Liu X, Gao S, Xu H, Lou Z, Wang W, Huang B, Dai Y (2013) Green synthetic approach for Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2-x nanoparticles with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 5(5):1870–1875
71. Liu X, Xu H, Grabstanowicz LR, Gao S, Lou Z, Wang W, Huang B, Dai Y, Xu T (2014) Ti
3+
self-doped TiO 2-x anatase nanoparticles via oxidation of TiH 2 in H 2 O 2 . Catal Today 225
(0):80–89
72. Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Gao S, Huang B, Dai Y (2015) Preparation of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
nanoparticles and their visible light photocatalytic activity. Chin J Catal 36(3):389–399
73. Wu C, Gao Z, Gao S, Wang Q, Xu H, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y (2016) Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting and photoelectrocatalytic pollutant
degradation. J Energ Chem 25(4):726–733
74. Grabstanowicz LR, Gao S, Li T, Rickard RM, Rajh T, Liu D, Xu T (2013) Facile oxidative
conversion of TiH 2 to high-concentration Ti
3+ -self-doped rutile TiO 2 with visible-light
photoactivity. Inorg Chem 52(7):3884–3890
75. Xin X, Xu T, Yin J, Wang L, Wang C (2015) Management on the location and concentration
of Ti
3+ in anatase TiO 2 for defects-induced visible-light photocatalysis. Appl Catal B
176-177:354–362
76. Zhu G, Shan Y, Lin T, Zhao W, Xu J, Tian Z, Zhang H, Zheng C, Huang F (2016)
Hydrogenated blue titania with high solar absorption and greatly improved photocatalysis.
Nanoscale 8(8):4705–4712
77. Liu M, Qiu X, Miyauchi M, Hashimoto K (2011) Cu(II) oxide amorphous nanoclusters grafted
Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 : an efficient visible light photocatalyst. Chem Mater 23(23):5282–5286
78. Fang W, Khrouz L, Zhou Y, Shen B, Dong C, Xing M, Mishra S, Daniele S, Zhang J (2017)
Reduced {001}-TiO 2-x photocatalysts: noble-metal-free CO 2 photoreduction for selective CH 4
evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19(21):13875–13881
79. Zhu Q, Peng Y, Lin L, Fan C, Gao G, Wang R, Xu A (2014) Stable blue TiO 2-x nanoparticles
for efficient visible light photocatalysts. J Mater Chem A 2(12):4429–4437
80. Qiu M, Tian Y, Chen Z, Yang Z, Li W, Wang K, Wang L, Wang K, Zhang W (2016) Synthesis
of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 nanocrystals based on Le Chatelier’s principle and their application in
solar light photocatalysis. RSC Adv 6(78):74376–74383
81. Chen X, Liu L, Liu Z, Marcus MA, Wang W, Oyler NA, Grass ME, Mao B, Glans PA, Yu P,
Guo J, Mao S (2013) Properties of disorder-engineered black titanium dioxide nanoparticles
through hydrogenation. Sci Rep 3:1510
82. Naldoni A, Allieta M, Santangelo S, Marelli M, Fabbri F, Cappelli S, Bianchi CL, Psaro R, Dal
Santo V (2012) Effect of nature and location of defects on bandgap narrowing in black TiO 2
nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 134(18):7600–7603
83. Khan MM, Ansari SA, Pradhan D, Ansari MO, Han DH, Lee J, Cho MH (2014) Band gap
engineered TiO 2 nanoparticles for visible light induced photoelectrochemical and
photocatalytic studies. J Mater Chem A 2(3):637–644
100
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis
nanoparticles for co-catalyst free photocatalytic hydrogen production. Nano Energy 24:63–71
66. Zuo F, Bozhilov K, Dillon RJ, Wang L, Smith P, Zhao X, Bardeen C, Feng P (2012) Active
facets on titanium(III)-doped TiO 2 : an effective strategy to improve the visible-light
photocatalytic activity. Angew Chem Int Ed 51(25):6223–6226
67. Liu Y, Quan B, Ji G, Zhang H (2016) One-step synthesis of Ti
3+ doped TiO 2 single anatase
crystals with enhanced photocatalytic activity towards degradation of methylene blue. Mater
Lett 162:138–141
68. Cai J, Za H, Lv K, Sun J, Deng K (2014) Ti powder-assisted synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
nanosheets with enhanced visible-light photoactivity. RSC Adv 4(38):19588–19593
69. Yang H, Sun C, Qiao S, Zou J, Liu G, Smith SC, Cheng H, Lu G (2008) Anatase TiO 2 single
crystals with a large percentage of reactive facets. Nature 453(7195):638–641
70. Liu X, Gao S, Xu H, Lou Z, Wang W, Huang B, Dai Y (2013) Green synthetic approach for Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2-x nanoparticles with efficient visible light photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 5(5):1870–1875
71. Liu X, Xu H, Grabstanowicz LR, Gao S, Lou Z, Wang W, Huang B, Dai Y, Xu T (2014) Ti
3+
self-doped TiO 2-x anatase nanoparticles via oxidation of TiH 2 in H 2 O 2 . Catal Today 225
(0):80–89
72. Wang X, Li Y, Liu X, Gao S, Huang B, Dai Y (2015) Preparation of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
nanoparticles and their visible light photocatalytic activity. Chin J Catal 36(3):389–399
73. Wu C, Gao Z, Gao S, Wang Q, Xu H, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y (2016) Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2
photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting and photoelectrocatalytic pollutant
degradation. J Energ Chem 25(4):726–733
74. Grabstanowicz LR, Gao S, Li T, Rickard RM, Rajh T, Liu D, Xu T (2013) Facile oxidative
conversion of TiH 2 to high-concentration Ti
3+ -self-doped rutile TiO 2 with visible-light
photoactivity. Inorg Chem 52(7):3884–3890
75. Xin X, Xu T, Yin J, Wang L, Wang C (2015) Management on the location and concentration
of Ti
3+ in anatase TiO 2 for defects-induced visible-light photocatalysis. Appl Catal B
176-177:354–362
76. Zhu G, Shan Y, Lin T, Zhao W, Xu J, Tian Z, Zhang H, Zheng C, Huang F (2016)
Hydrogenated blue titania with high solar absorption and greatly improved photocatalysis.
Nanoscale 8(8):4705–4712
77. Liu M, Qiu X, Miyauchi M, Hashimoto K (2011) Cu(II) oxide amorphous nanoclusters grafted
Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 : an efficient visible light photocatalyst. Chem Mater 23(23):5282–5286
78. Fang W, Khrouz L, Zhou Y, Shen B, Dong C, Xing M, Mishra S, Daniele S, Zhang J (2017)
Reduced {001}-TiO 2-x photocatalysts: noble-metal-free CO 2 photoreduction for selective CH 4
evolution. Phys Chem Chem Phys 19(21):13875–13881
79. Zhu Q, Peng Y, Lin L, Fan C, Gao G, Wang R, Xu A (2014) Stable blue TiO 2-x nanoparticles
for efficient visible light photocatalysts. J Mater Chem A 2(12):4429–4437
80. Qiu M, Tian Y, Chen Z, Yang Z, Li W, Wang K, Wang L, Wang K, Zhang W (2016) Synthesis
of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 nanocrystals based on Le Chatelier’s principle and their application in
solar light photocatalysis. RSC Adv 6(78):74376–74383
81. Chen X, Liu L, Liu Z, Marcus MA, Wang W, Oyler NA, Grass ME, Mao B, Glans PA, Yu P,
Guo J, Mao S (2013) Properties of disorder-engineered black titanium dioxide nanoparticles
through hydrogenation. Sci Rep 3:1510
82. Naldoni A, Allieta M, Santangelo S, Marelli M, Fabbri F, Cappelli S, Bianchi CL, Psaro R, Dal
Santo V (2012) Effect of nature and location of defects on bandgap narrowing in black TiO 2
nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 134(18):7600–7603
83. Khan MM, Ansari SA, Pradhan D, Ansari MO, Han DH, Lee J, Cho MH (2014) Band gap
engineered TiO 2 nanoparticles for visible light induced photoelectrochemical and
photocatalytic studies. J Mater Chem A 2(3):637–644
100
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis