27. Su J, Zou X, Zou Y, Li G, Wang P, Chen J (2013) Porous titania with heavily self-doped Ti
3+
for specific sensing of CO at room temperature. Inorg Chem 52(10):5924–5930
28. Xing M, Zhang J, Chen F, Tian B (2011) An economic method to prepare vacuum activated
photocatalysts with high photo-activities and photosensitivities. Chem Commun 47
(17):4947–4949
29. Lu G, Linsebigler A, Yates JT (1994) Ti
3+ defect sites on TiO 2 (110): production and chemical
detection of active sites. J Phys Chem 98(45):11733–11738
30. Fang W, Zhou Y, Dong C, Xing M, Zhang J (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic activities of
vacuum activated TiO 2 catalysts with Ti
3+ and N co-doped. Catal Today 266:188–196
31. Zhou Y, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2015) A facile approach to further improve
the substitution of nitrogen into reduced TiO 2-x with an enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl
Catal B 170(0):66–73
32. Wang Z, Yang C, Lin T, Yin H, Chen P, Wan D, Xu F, Huang F, Lin J, Xie X, Jiang M (2013)
Visible-light photocatalytic, solar thermal and photoelectrochemical properties of aluminiumreduced black titania. Energy Environ Sci 6(10):3007–3014
33. Yang C, Wang Z, Lin T, Yin H, Lü X, Wan D, Xu T, Zheng C, Lin J, Huang F, Xie X, Jiang M
(2013) Core-shell nanostructured “Black” rutile titania as excellent catalyst for hydrogen
production enhanced by sulfur doping. J Am Chem Soc 135(47):17831–17838
34. Cui H, Zhao W, Yang C, Yin H, Lin T, Shan Y, Xie Y, Gu H, Huang F (2014) Black TiO 2
nanotube arrays for high-efficiency photoelectrochemical water-splitting. J Mater Chem A 2
(23):8612–8616
35. Zheng J, Ji G, Zhang P, Cao X, Wang B, Yu L, Xu Z (2015) Facile aluminum reduction
synthesis of blue TiO 2 with oxygen deficiency for lithium-ion batteries. Chemistry 21
(50):18309–18315
36. Zheng Z, Huang B, Meng X, Wang J, Wang S, Lou Z, Wang Z, Qin X, Zhang X, Dai Y (2013)
Metallic zinc- assisted synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 with tunable phase composition and
visible-light photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 49(9):868–870
37. Pei D, Gong L, Zhang A, Zhang X, Chen J, Mu Y, Yu H (2015) Defective titanium dioxide
single crystals exposed by high-energy {001} facets for efficient oxygen reduction. Nat
Commun 6:8696
38. Fu R, Gao S, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y (2014) Fabrication of Ti
3+ self-doped
TiO 2 (A) nanoparticle/TiO 2 (R) nanorod heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light-driven
photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv 4(70):37061–37069
39. Zhao Z, Tan H, Zhao H, Lv Y, Zhou LJ, Song Y, Sun Z (2014) Reduced TiO 2 rutile nanorods
with well-defined facets and their visible-light photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 50
(21):2755–2757
40. Chen J, Song W, Hou H, Zhang Y, Jing M, Jia X, Ji X (2015) Ti
3+ self-doped dark rutile TiO 2
ultrafine nanorods with durable high-rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater
25(43):6793–6801
41. Sinhamahapatra A, Jeon JP, Yu JS (2015) A new approach to prepare highly active and stable
black titania for visible light-assisted hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci 8
(12):3539–3544
42. Kitamura T, Shibata K, Takeda K (1993) In-flight reduction of Fe 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3
by Ar-H 2 and Ar-CH 4 plasma. ISIJ Int 33(11):1150–1158
43. Bullard D, Lynch D (1997) Reduction of titanium dioxide in a nonequilibrium hydrogen
plasma. Metall Mater Trans B Process Metall Mater Process Sci 28(6):1069–1080
44. Palmer RA, Doan TM, Lloyd PG, Jarvis BL, Ahmed NU (2002) Reduction of TiO 2 with
hydrogen plasma. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 22(3):335–350
45. Lepcha A, Maccato C, Mettenbörger A, Andreu T, Mayrhofer L, Walter M, Olthof S, Ruoko
TP, Klein A, Moseler M, Meerholz K, Morante JR, Barreca D, Mathur S (2015) Electrospun
black titania nanofibers: influence of hydrogen plasma-induced disorder on the electronic
structure and photoelectrochemical performance. J Phys Chem C 119(33):18835–18842
98
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis
3+
for specific sensing of CO at room temperature. Inorg Chem 52(10):5924–5930
28. Xing M, Zhang J, Chen F, Tian B (2011) An economic method to prepare vacuum activated
photocatalysts with high photo-activities and photosensitivities. Chem Commun 47
(17):4947–4949
29. Lu G, Linsebigler A, Yates JT (1994) Ti
3+ defect sites on TiO 2 (110): production and chemical
detection of active sites. J Phys Chem 98(45):11733–11738
30. Fang W, Zhou Y, Dong C, Xing M, Zhang J (2016) Enhanced photocatalytic activities of
vacuum activated TiO 2 catalysts with Ti
3+ and N co-doped. Catal Today 266:188–196
31. Zhou Y, Liu Y, Liu P, Zhang W, Xing M, Zhang J (2015) A facile approach to further improve
the substitution of nitrogen into reduced TiO 2-x with an enhanced photocatalytic activity. Appl
Catal B 170(0):66–73
32. Wang Z, Yang C, Lin T, Yin H, Chen P, Wan D, Xu F, Huang F, Lin J, Xie X, Jiang M (2013)
Visible-light photocatalytic, solar thermal and photoelectrochemical properties of aluminiumreduced black titania. Energy Environ Sci 6(10):3007–3014
33. Yang C, Wang Z, Lin T, Yin H, Lü X, Wan D, Xu T, Zheng C, Lin J, Huang F, Xie X, Jiang M
(2013) Core-shell nanostructured “Black” rutile titania as excellent catalyst for hydrogen
production enhanced by sulfur doping. J Am Chem Soc 135(47):17831–17838
34. Cui H, Zhao W, Yang C, Yin H, Lin T, Shan Y, Xie Y, Gu H, Huang F (2014) Black TiO 2
nanotube arrays for high-efficiency photoelectrochemical water-splitting. J Mater Chem A 2
(23):8612–8616
35. Zheng J, Ji G, Zhang P, Cao X, Wang B, Yu L, Xu Z (2015) Facile aluminum reduction
synthesis of blue TiO 2 with oxygen deficiency for lithium-ion batteries. Chemistry 21
(50):18309–18315
36. Zheng Z, Huang B, Meng X, Wang J, Wang S, Lou Z, Wang Z, Qin X, Zhang X, Dai Y (2013)
Metallic zinc- assisted synthesis of Ti
3+ self-doped TiO 2 with tunable phase composition and
visible-light photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 49(9):868–870
37. Pei D, Gong L, Zhang A, Zhang X, Chen J, Mu Y, Yu H (2015) Defective titanium dioxide
single crystals exposed by high-energy {001} facets for efficient oxygen reduction. Nat
Commun 6:8696
38. Fu R, Gao S, Xu H, Wang Q, Wang Z, Huang B, Dai Y (2014) Fabrication of Ti
3+ self-doped
TiO 2 (A) nanoparticle/TiO 2 (R) nanorod heterojunctions with enhanced visible-light-driven
photocatalytic properties. RSC Adv 4(70):37061–37069
39. Zhao Z, Tan H, Zhao H, Lv Y, Zhou LJ, Song Y, Sun Z (2014) Reduced TiO 2 rutile nanorods
with well-defined facets and their visible-light photocatalytic activity. Chem Commun 50
(21):2755–2757
40. Chen J, Song W, Hou H, Zhang Y, Jing M, Jia X, Ji X (2015) Ti
3+ self-doped dark rutile TiO 2
ultrafine nanorods with durable high-rate capability for lithium-ion batteries. Adv Funct Mater
25(43):6793–6801
41. Sinhamahapatra A, Jeon JP, Yu JS (2015) A new approach to prepare highly active and stable
black titania for visible light-assisted hydrogen production. Energy Environ Sci 8
(12):3539–3544
42. Kitamura T, Shibata K, Takeda K (1993) In-flight reduction of Fe 2 O 3 , Cr 2 O 3 , TiO 2 and Al 2 O 3
by Ar-H 2 and Ar-CH 4 plasma. ISIJ Int 33(11):1150–1158
43. Bullard D, Lynch D (1997) Reduction of titanium dioxide in a nonequilibrium hydrogen
plasma. Metall Mater Trans B Process Metall Mater Process Sci 28(6):1069–1080
44. Palmer RA, Doan TM, Lloyd PG, Jarvis BL, Ahmed NU (2002) Reduction of TiO 2 with
hydrogen plasma. Plasma Chem Plasma Process 22(3):335–350
45. Lepcha A, Maccato C, Mettenbörger A, Andreu T, Mayrhofer L, Walter M, Olthof S, Ruoko
TP, Klein A, Moseler M, Meerholz K, Morante JR, Barreca D, Mathur S (2015) Electrospun
black titania nanofibers: influence of hydrogen plasma-induced disorder on the electronic
structure and photoelectrochemical performance. J Phys Chem C 119(33):18835–18842
98
4 Preparation of Reduced TiO 2–x for Photocatalysis